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PSYCHOLOGY Bio > 3.1.1-3.1.2 the CNS and aggression > Flashcards

3.1.1-3.1.2 the CNS and aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

CNS and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the role of the CNS?

A

-control body’s functions
-interpret sensory info and pass on to brain
-responsible for all voluntary and involuntary decisions

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4
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that operate between neurones and the brain in order to process thoughts/memories in the brain (across synapse)

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5
Q

What are neurones?

A

cells of the nervous system which carry electrochemical messages called nerve impulses

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron?

A

motor, inter, sensory

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7
Q

function of a motor neuron

A

transmits messages from CNS to muscles

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8
Q

function of inter neuron

A

connect neurons to others, located in the brain

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9
Q

function of sensory neuron

A

carry info from senses to CNS

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10
Q

What is the link between neurons and nerves?

A

Nerves are bundles of neurons

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11
Q

Special elements of a neuron

A

-dendrites (finger like structures surrounding nucleus)
-axon (extends from nucleus and reaches to axon terminal)

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between the dendrite and axon terminal

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13
Q

What passes over a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters/chemical messages

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14
Q

Benefit of synapses

A

allow each axon to communicate with a number of dendrites, forming a complex communication system

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15
Q

How does synaptic transmission work?

A

-process electrical signals and turn into chemical signals and back to electrical
-action potential causes neurotransmitter to be released into synapse
-neurotransmitter binds to receptor site of post synaptic neuron

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16
Q

What happens if neurotransmitters aren’t accepted?

A

-must be removed for next stimulation
-neurotransmitters broken down by enzymes
-reuptake occurs

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17
Q

What does action potential do?

A

the method by which the nerve impulse passes down the axon of the neuron to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters

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18
Q

How does action potential cause change?

A

-tiny electrical impulse triggered by change in electrical potential of neuron

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19
Q

How does the charge of a neuron change?

A

-inside of neuron has slight negative charge, outside is more positive at rest
-when stimulated, positive particles enter and the neuron is depolarised
-some positive particles are pushed back out and neuron returns to depolarised state

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20
Q

Define depolarization

A

when the resting potential of a neuron changes from negative to more positive

21
Q

Define hyperpolarization

A

opposite to depolarization, change in a cells membrane potential that makes it more negative

22
Q

What are the 3 hormones that are linked to drug taking?

A

serotonin, dopamine, glutamate

23
Q

Effect of serotonin

A

-happiness and good mood
-low levels cause depression
-linked to an array of behaviours and mental disorders

24
Q

Effect of dopamine

A

-pleasure feeling
-addiction
-linked to reward pathway which influences motivation, pleasure and attention

25
Q

Effect of glutamine

A

-cognitive functioning, memory and learning
-too much is dangerous and leads to cellular death so is associated with some diseases and brain injuries eg. Alzheimer’s

26
Q

What is an agonist drug

A

A drug with chemical properties similar to a neurotransmitter and mimics its effect by binding to receptors to excite the neuron so more of the natural NT us released

27
Q

Example of agonist

A

cocaine and dopamine

28
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

reduces/stops the effect of an NT as it binds to receptor site to stop/slow passage of message

29
Q

Example of antagonist

A

Curare (poison) is antagonist for NT acetylcholine

30
Q

What is another way that drugs work? (3)

A

-can block reuptake of NT from synapse so NT stays in gap which increases its action
-stops NT being synthesised
-stops NT being released

31
Q

How does alcohol work?

A

blocks serotonin receptors which has calming effects, so we become merry

32
Q

What parts of the brain are affected when alcohol wears off?

A

low mood caused: prefontal cortex (decision making), amygdala (controls emotions), can make us aggressive

33
Q

How does nicotine work?

A

-affects dopamine receptors, causing a release of dopamine pleasure
-excess dopamine means the brain shuts off dopamine receptors in an attempt to balance

34
Q

Why do people get addicted to nicotine?

A

low dopamine activity leads to nicotine craving to boost it

35
Q

How does cocaine work?

A

-blocks dopamine reuptake
-therefore dopamine remains in synapse so can reattach to receptor and cause pleasure response again

36
Q

How does cannabis work?

A

-ingredient THC binds to cannabinoid receptors
-THC inhibits release of neurotransmitter GABA, leading to increased dopamine levels

37
Q

What is GABA?

A

NT that blocks receptors and inhibits release of dopamine (cannabis inhibits GABA which means dopamine is released)

38
Q

How does heroin work?

A

-acts at opioid receptor sites in brain to release more dopamine
-morphine binds to receptors to reduce inhibitory effect of GABA on dopamine neurons
-higher dopamine activity and increased release into synapse
-continual stimulation of dopaminergic reward pathway results in feelings of euphoria

39
Q

Short term effects of heroin

A

-calmed chill feeling as it floods endorphin receptors
-activates reward system and good feelings as dopamine is released

40
Q

Long term effects of heroin

A

the brain adapts to high levels of dopamine and slows down its natural production, explaining why higher doses are needed

41
Q

Symptoms of taking heroin

A

-small dose causes feelings of warmth
-large dose causes sleepiness and relaxation
-pleasure and pain reduction
-dry mouth, heavy limbs followed by slowing of mental functions, breathing and heart rate

42
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A

-block reuptake of NTs, meaning euphoria lasts longer
-noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine quickly released into brain
-dopamine neurons may be excited via glutamate neurons as the two are interlinked

43
Q

describe amphetamines and dopamine

A

-increased release of dopamine from axon terminal
-blocks dopamine reuptake
-dopamine stored in vesicles in synapse or destroyed by enzymes
-causes euphoria

44
Q

Short term effects of amphetamines

A

-the 3 neurotransmitters cause reward, pleasure, adrenaline all at once
-euphoric effects are intense eg, feeling powerful
-reduced fatigue
-high heart rate and blood pressure

45
Q

Long term effects of amphetamines

A

-depression like symptoms when euphoria wears off which may cause and individual to become dependent
-dopamine receptors become damaged/desensitised which causes addiction as more dopamine is required to stimulate neuron

46
Q

Physical long term effects of amphetamines

A

-extreme weight loss
-dental problems
-regular infections
-risk of stroke

47
Q

Evaluate CNS as a good explanation Strengths

A

-high reliability as lab experiments can be replicated easily as they are artificial, eg. PET scans involve gamma rays being recorded on scanner
-high validity as objective methods were used-Diana Marinez et al used PET scans to demonstrate how heroin changed dopamine receptors in rats

48
Q

Evaluate CNS as a good explanation Weaknesses

A

-limitation: reductionist because the effects of recreational drugs are reduced down to the release of a hormone
-comparison: social approach better explains situational and personal factors that cause on individual to first take/continue to take a drug

PSYCHOLOGY Bio (11 decks)

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