3.10.1 Flashcards
What is the difference between internal and external change?
Internal change happens within a business (e.g., disruption in supplies), while external change occurs outside the business (e.g., political disputes, economic downturns).
What is incremental change?
Incremental change refers to step-by-step changes within a business, such as gradual improvements to processes over time.
What is disruptive change?
Disruptive change involves significant, game-changing developments in an industry, such as the introduction of technology like Uber for booking taxis.
What does restructuring in a business involve?
Restructuring involves reorganizing the organizational structure of a business.
What are mechanistic structures?
Mechanistic structures are formal, with clear levels of hierarchy, and many levels of control over employees.
What are organic structures?
Organic structures are more informal, with fluid teams that are created for specific projects.
What is delayering in business?
Delayering occurs when a business removes a level of hierarchy from the organization.
What is Lewin’s Force Field Analysis?
Lewin’s Force Field Analysis highlights the forces for and against change. Change happens when the driving forces increase or the resisting forces decrease.
What are driving forces for change in a business?
Driving forces can include the need to keep up with competitors, increasing customer complaints, new owners wanting higher returns, or poor performance.
What are restraining forces against change in a business?
Restraining forces may include a lack of finance, employee reluctance, or resistance from stakeholders who might be negatively affected by the change.
What is the value of a flexible organization?
A flexible organization can adapt and respond to both internal and external changes, which allows it to remain agile and competitive.
How can flexible employment contracts help with organizational flexibility?
Flexible employment contracts allow employees to be moved across tasks or locations as needed, and can also include temporary or contract workers to adjust the workforce size.
How does knowledge and information management support organizational flexibility?
By gathering and sharing data effectively, managers can anticipate changes, respond to them, and develop suitable strategies, ensuring the organization remains adaptable.
What are the four reasons for resistance to change according to Kotter and Schlesinger?
The four reasons are self-interest, fear and misunderstanding, different assessments, and a preference for the status quo.
What are Kotter and Schlesinger’s six ways to overcome resistance to change?
The six ways are education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and co-option, and explicit and implicit coercion.
How does education and communication help overcome resistance to change?
It helps by providing people with accurate information about the change, making them understand why it is necessary, though it may take time to convince them.
How does participation and involvement help overcome resistance to change?
It helps by engaging people in the process, giving them a sense of ownership, and making them more likely to support and implement the change.
How does facilitation and support help with resistance to change?
It offers help to individuals who fear change, providing them with the skills and resources they need to cope with it, thus easing their acceptance.
How does negotiation and agreement help overcome resistance to change?
It involves negotiating with resistant individuals, sometimes requiring compromise, to reach an agreement on the change.
How does manipulation and co-option work in overcoming resistance to change?
It involves offering rewards to key influential people to win their support, encouraging others to follow their lead.
When might explicit and implicit coercion be used to overcome resistance to change?
It is used when other methods fail or are not possible, forcing change through with the expectation that people may come to accept it over time if it proves successful.
