3.1 War and Peace

Question 1

who first developed the theory?

Answer 1

Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

Question 2

Who developed the just war theory?

Answer 2

Thomas Aquinas

Question 3

What does jus ad bellum mean?

Answer 3

Correct conditions for going to war (before)

Question 4

What does jus in bello mean?

Answer 4

correct conditions during war

Question 5

What does jus post bellum mean?

Answer 5

correct conditions after war

Question 6

what are the 6 conditions before war?

Answer 6

1. Just cause
2. authority
3. just intention
4. proportionalith
5. last resort
6. probability of success

Question 7

What is just cause?

Answer 7

there is an issue that can only be resolved through military combat e.g someone invades someone else and that counrty defends themself (falklands)

Question 8

What is just authority?

Answer 8

A democratic government’s officials and people have agreed to go to war e.g falklands, iraq

Question 9

What is just intention?

Answer 9

Advancement of good and elimination of evil, not vengeful or expansionistic e.g Yemen

Question 10

What is proportionality before war?

Answer 10

3:1 forces, ensure that where ever possible you have 3x more force/ power than the occupant. To ensure victory and minimise unnecessary death e.g the falklands, Britain had 3x more force than Argentina

Question 11

What is last resort?

Answer 11

You are only going to war because you have attempted every other avenue to solve the conflict, trade, negotiations, trade sanctions

Question 12

What is probability of success?

Answer 12

If the fighting of the war will not amount to success, then it shouldn’t be fought. Soldiers must die for a purpose

Question 13

What is an old test quote which depicts brutality?

Answer 13

Joshua 10:40 “So Joshua subdued the whole region… He left no survivors. He totally destroyed all who breathed, just as the Lord, the God of Israel, had commanded.”

Question 14

What is a bible quote about Jesus’ teachings about war?

Answer 14

Matthew 26:52 “‘Put your sword back in its place’, Jesus said to him, ‘for allw ho draw the sword will die byt the sword’”

Luke 6:27-31 “… Love yor enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. If someone slaps you on one cheek, turn to them the other also…”

Question 15

What are the 2 conditions during war?

Answer 15

1. Principle of proportionality
2. Principle of discrimination

Question 16

What is proportionality during war?

Answer 16

Avoiding non-combatents getting hurt, only harming those who are fighting- use of weapons must be inporportion to the threat posed (can’t use nuclear weapons in a knife fight)
E.g using specific ‘smart bombs’ against known threats only

Question 17

What is the principle of discrimination during war?

Answer 17

Those waging the war must understand the difference between civilians and combatants. There should be no direct attacks on civilians or putting them at risk
- CAJ Coady argues that it is impractical to have a war in which no civilians are harmed. It is however, only just if they are harmed as the “unintended side effect of an otherwise legitimate act of war”

Question 18

What are the 5 conditions for after war?

Answer 18

1. Punishment
2. Proportionality
3. Discrimination
4. Compensarion
5. Rights

Question 19

What is punishment?

Answer 19

Repremanding of people who committed war crimes. If found guilty they must be repremanded and tried e.g Nurmenburg trials

Question 20

What is proportionality after war?

Answer 20

Any peace settlement should be fair and not vindictive or vengeful
e.g First gulf war- Iraq lost and needed to punished with no fly zones

Question 21

What is discrimination after war?

Answer 21

Holds that the military and political elements if a defeated nation must be treated differently to citizens- the citizens shouldn’t feel the majority of the punishment when they had no say in war

Question 22

What is compensation?

Answer 22

A defeated nation may be justly asked to compensate the victors for the losses they caused during the war. Important that this is taken from the governing elite rather than the population at large
e.g Treaty of versailles

Question 23

What are rights?

Answer 23

the victors of war should ensure that any rights which were not respected by the defeated gov/military such as freedom of religion are restored
e.g ww2 allied powers restored original govs in western europe with freedom of religion .ect

Question 24

What are absolute pacifists?

Answer 24

• People that believe that war is always wrong and can never be justified. A rejection of the idea of Just war on the basis that NO war can just
• Even self defence is wrong
• Inspired by Jesus who didn’t fiht back whilst being crucified “blessed are the peacemakers”
  Instead have peaceful protests and use diplomacy, e.g MLK

Question 25

Who are religious pacifists?

Answer 25

• Religious peole against war and violence in principle, but they accept that there may be circumstances when war will be less bad than the alternative
• Usually base their moral code on utilitarian principles- its bad consequences that make people resort to war
• War is wrong but can be the lesser of 2 evils

Question 26

What are relative/ selective pacifists?

Answer 26

Other pacifists that believe it is a matter of degree, and only oppose wars involving WOMD
- nuclear or chemical or biological weapons- either because of the uniquely devestating consequences or because a war that uses uses them is ‘unwinable’

WOMD can’t be justified in the JWT

Question 27

Who are nuclear pacifists?

Answer 27

• Nuclear weapons have the potential for huge and indiscriminate death and destruction. The development of these weapons have led more people to oppose all wars because of the risk that nuclear weapons will be used
• Nuclear pacifists believe that can be justified except when nuclear weapons will be used. A belief that the use of nuclear weapons is unjustifiable due to the indiscrimination on a very large scale

Question 28

What is the ethical weaknesses of JWT?

Answer 28

• War is not just
• killing people cannot be justified
• how could a theory which justifies killing people be ethical?

Question 29

What are the practical weaknesses of the JWT?

Answer 29

• Terrorists won’t follow the JWT making the war unjust no matter if the other side follow it
• Very hard to tick all boxes in practice
• War is lawless and no matter the theory applied it is still breaking traditional laws

Question 30

What are the strengths of the JWT?

Answer 30

• War is necessary, and gives you an ethical war to carry it out
• Uses morality
• Ethics should not be abandoned just because it might be difficult to apply
• widespread and internationally followed theory
• relevant to christian and secular audiences
• comprehensive and clear principles
• Takes into account christian ideas about justics and defence

Question 31

What is an outline of the 2003 British involvement in Iraq?

Answer 31

• There was a coalition of countries against Iraq
• It was believed that Saddam Hussein was in possession of WOMD
• Hussein was removed from power
• There was a civil war in Iraq

Question 32

What jus ad bellum principles does the 2003 Iraq war break?

Answer 32

• Wasn’t a last resort
• didn’t have the correct authority from the UN (Tony Blair had permission from his gov officials but not the population)
• Didn’t have a plan for after the war

Question 33

What jus in bello principles does the 2003 Iraq war break?

Answer 33

• 150,000 Iraqi civilians died- not enough discrimination used

Question 34

What jus post bellum principles does the 2003 Iraq war break?

Answer 34

• UK forces left having “failed to achieve (their) stated objectives”