3.1 SPORT AND SOCIETY: Social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation

Question 1

Urbanisation:

Answer 1

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

• Lack of space: purpose built facilities due to space being at a premium. - Large working-class population: meant more people needed entertaining,resulting in mass spectators at sports events for he first time.
• Loss of traditional sports: violent sports like mob games were banned as society became more civilised, so there was a need for new sports to emerge.
• Change in working conditions: not as long hours and better conditions to work in meant the working-class had more free time and were less tired.

Question 2

Transport:

Answer 2

• Movement of teams/spectators: the development of the railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel, leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis.
• Improved access to different parts of the country: nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national, with leagues forming,involving clubs from across the country.
• Cheaper train travel: train travel became cheaper and more affordable which lead to working-classes following their teams home and away.
• Improved access to the countryside: field sports, climbing, walking and rambling all became more popular as rural areas were now reachable.

Question 3

Communications:

Answer 3

Improved as society became more literate, the printed media increased the knowledge and awareness of sport - when fixtures were, knowledge of results. This led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models as people could read match reports and relate to their favourite players.

Question 4

The influence of the church:

Answer 4

• The church promoted sport because it encouraged social control through ‘civilised’ activities, diverting people way from ‘less socially acceptable activities’ like drinking and gambling.
• Church halls provided facilities.
• Sport was viewed as a good way to promote Christian values, which is why the YMCA was introduced.
• It increased attendance at church ceremonies and holy days.
• They organises sports teams, fixtures and leagues.

Question 5

Muscular Christianity:

Answer 5

Used in sport, epically association football, to get more people into church.

• the church would provide facilities like land and equipment .
• create teams
• Sunday school got involved which meant more young people getting involved.
• YMCA allows clubs to be developed through the church.

Question 6

The emergence of the middle-class in a three tier society:

Answer 6

Many of the middle-class were self-made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working class, they improved the working-class lives by improving sporting provisions.

Question 7

The British Empire:

Answer 7

,

Question 8

Public Provisions:

Answer 8

.

Question 9

The development of NGBs:

Answer 9

National governing bodies