3.1 SPORT AND SOCIETY:Industiral and post-industiral development of sport

Question 1

Rational recreation:

Answer 1

In the nineteenth century, these were sports pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.

Question 2

The development of rational recreation:

Answer 2

• sport and pastimes developed to reflect the societal changes
• rational recreation suggests that a level of order, logic and structure was applied to the sports
• this led to ‘mass sport’ in society

Question 3

Social cultural factors on the development of rational recreation:

Answer 3

• Mid 18th-mid 19th century was a key period in British history as it marked a change from feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.
• industrial revolution was a key period, massive changes in the way people lived their lives.
• the influence off the industrial revolution the development of rationalised sports and pastimes changed during the 19th century.

Question 4

The industrial revolution:

Answer 4

The initial effects on pastimes during the first half of the 19th century were negative:

• Migration of the lower classes into urban areas
• Lack of leisure time
• Lack of income
• Poor health
• Loss of rights
• A lack of public provision

Question 5

What was the impact of industrialisation on recreation?

Answer 5

POOR HEALTH:
lack of hygiene and ability to play sport due to illness
LACK OF INCOME:
couldn’t afford to play for leisure pursuits
LONG WORKING HOURS:
less time - sunday was the sabbath, day of rest
MIGRATION OF LOWER CLASSES INTO URBAN AREAS:
less space for recreational pastimes
LOSS OF RIGHTS - CHANGES IN CRIMINAL LAW:
restricted mob games and blood sports due to ‘criminal activity’

Question 6

Dr William Penny Brooks:

Answer 6

The founder of the wenlock olympian games in 1850

Question 7

HITFOR

Answer 7

H - poor Health and Hygiene
I- lack of Income
T - lack of Time
F - Facility provision was lacking 
O- Overcrowding and lack of space
R- loss of Rights

Question 8

In the second half of the 19th century some improvements had positive effects:

Answer 8

• health and hygiene improved: gradual improvements in living conditions + local council provision of public baths mean more willingness/energy to participate in sport
• gradual increase in wages: more time for sport due to the factory acts and saturday half-days
• new middle class: sport became more acceptable + played to a high moral code; strict rules, leagues and competitions. improved facilities/public parks
• ex-public schoolboys
• values of athleticism spread to lower classes
• industrial patronage led to provision for recreation and sport: factory teams + sporting facilities provided
• transport and communications: development of roads + steam trains. fixtures and results could be published in newspapers
• cheaper to travel so participation in sport was more accessible to all.

Question 9

The Wenlock Olympian Games

Answer 9

1850: WARS promoted participation in outdoor recreation, especially in lower classes, with prizes for the successful participants.
1850 october: the first Wenlock games with athletics, and traditional country sports (football,cricket, running and hurdles). Rules were written. Celebrations took place before the games started.
1860: WARS became known as the Wenlock Olympian Society

Question 10

Dr William Penny Brookes:

Answer 10

The founder of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850

Question 11

Dr William Penny Brookes + The Wenlock Olympian Society:

Answer 11

Campaigned for physical education to be on the school curriculum and promoted the benefits of sport and exercise.