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*Anatomy - Reproductive > 3.1 - Perineum > Flashcards

3.1 - Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the perineum lie?

A

Inferior to the pelvic diaphragm and is the most inferior part of the trunk

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2
Q

What are the structures found in the male perineum?

A
  1. External genitalia (urethra, scrotum and penis)
  2. Perineal muscles
  3. Anal canal
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3
Q

What are the structures found in the female perineum?

A
  1. Female external genitalia
  2. Perineal muscles
  3. Anal canal
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4
Q

The perineum is split into 2 triangles, what are they?

A

Urogenital

Rectal/anal

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5
Q

Which triangle lies inferior to the pubic symphysis?

A

Urogenital triangle

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6
Q

Which triangle lies inferior to the coccyx?

A

Anal triangle

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7
Q

A thin sheet of deep fascia stretches between the right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis, what is this called?

A

Perineal membrane
(‘closes’ the urogenital triangle; covers the anterior part of the pelvic outlet and is perforated by the urethra in both sexes and by the vagina of the female)

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8
Q

Name the 6 muscles of the perineum

A 
External anal sphincter
Bulbospongiosus 
Ischiocavernosus 
Superficial transverse perineal 
Deep transverse perineal 
External urethral sphincter
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9
Q

What is the innervation and main action of the external anal sphincter?

A
  • Branch of pudendal nerve

- Constricts anal canal during peristalsis, resisting defaecation; supports and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor

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10
Q

What is the innervation and main action of bulbospongiosus?

A
  • Branch of pudendal nerve
  • Supports and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor
    Male = compresses bulb of penis to expel last of semen; assists erection
    Female = ‘sphincter’ of vagina; assists erection of clitoris; compresses greater vestibular gland
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11
Q

What is the innervation and main action of ischiocavernosus?

A
  • Branch of pudendal nerve

- Maintains erection of penis/clitoris

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12
Q

What is the innervation and main action of the superficial transverse perineal muscle?

A
  • Branches of pudendal nerve
  • Support and fix perineal body (pelvic floor) to support abdomino-pelvic viscera and resist increased intra-abdominal pressure
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13
Q

What is the innervation and main action of the deep transverse perineal muscle?

A
  • Branches of pudendal nerve
  • Support and fix perineal body (pelvic floor) to support abdomino-pelvic viscera and resist increased intra-abdominal pressure
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14
Q

What is the innervation and main action of the external urethral sphincter?

A
  • Somatic fibres S2-S4 through pudendal nerve

- Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence

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15
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Irregular fibromuscular mass located at the junction of the urogenital and anal triangles (central point of perineum)

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16
Q

What is the clinical significance of the perineal body?

A

Childbirth can lead to damage thus possible prolapse of pelvic viscera - may be avoided by episiotomy

17
Q

Which 4 muscles converge at the perineal body?

A

External anal sphincter
Superficial transverse perineal (and deep (?))
Levator ani
Bulbospongiosus

18
Q

What are the names of the 2 fascia-limited, potential spaces traversed by the urethra? What is their clinical significance?

A

The superficial and deep perineal pouches

They can become infiltrated with urine following traumatic or surgical injury of the urethra

19
Q

In which perineal pouch is the external urethral sphincter found?

A

Deep

20
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?

A

Voluntary

Somatic fibres from S2-S4 through pudendal nerve

21
Q

Where is the internal/vesical urethral sphincter found?

A

Junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder

22
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What is its innervation?

A

Involuntary

Sympathetic fibres from T10-L2 through inferior hypogastric plexus then vesical nerve plexus

23
Q

Where does the superficial perineal pouch lie? And what does it surround?

A

Antero-inferior to the urogenital membrane

Surrounds the external genitalia

24
Q

What muscle does the deep perineal pouch surround?

A

Deep transverse perineal

25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic
  2. Membranous
  3. Penile
26
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra and why?

A

Prostatic

  • opening for ejaculatory duct
  • can be compressed
27
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra and why?

A

Membranous

- Contains external urethral sphincter

*Anatomy - Reproductive (12 decks)

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