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CHEMISTRY A LEVEL TAHRIAN > 3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts > Flashcards

3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What does a general formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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2
Q

What does an empirical formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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3
Q

What does a molecular formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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4
Q

What does a structural formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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5
Q

What does a skeletal formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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6
Q

What does a displayed formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula.

  • They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point)
  • Each member differs by CH2 from the last.
  • They have the same chemical properties.
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8
Q

Each successive number of a homologous series differs by a ‘___’ group.

A

CH2

see page 136 in the revision guide

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9
Q

Name all 14 homologous series, give their prefix/ suffix and an example of each.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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10
Q

What do you name molecules when they have 1/2/3/4/5/6 carbons?

A 
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
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11
Q

Read page 137 in the revision guide.

A

Can you remember it?

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12
Q

What do curly arrows show in a mechanism?

A

Curly arrows show how electron pairs move around.

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13
Q

Draw a reaction mechanism show how chloromethane reacts with sodium hydroxide to form methanol and sodium chloride.

A

(see page 138 in the revision guide)

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14
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently.

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15
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

In structural isomers, the atoms are connected in different ways. They have th same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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16
Q

Describe what chain isomers are.

A

Chain isomers have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. Some are straight chains and others branched in different ways.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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17
Q

Describe what positional isomers are.

A

Positional isomers have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached.
The difference is that the atom or group of atoms is attached to a different carbon atom.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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18
Q

Describe what functional group isomers are.

A

Functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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19
Q

Give the definition of a hydrocarbon.

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.

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20
Q

Give the definition of saturated.

A

A molecule containing only single carbon-carbon bonds only.

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21
Q

Give the definition of unsaturated.

A

A molecule containing 1 or more C=C double bonds.

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22
Q

Give the definition of a molecular formula.

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

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23
Q

Give the definition of an empirical formula.

A

The formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

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24
Q

Give the definition of a general formula.

A

The algebraic formula for a homologous series.

e.g. CnH2n (for alkenes)

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25
Give the definition of a structural formula.
Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement os atoms in a molecule.
26
Give the definition of a displayed formula.
Shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in the molecule.
27
Draw the structural formula for butane.
CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
28
Draw the displayed formula for 2-methylbutane
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
29
What is the shape of one of the carbon atoms in ethane?
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
30
Give the definition of a skeletal formula.
It shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from akyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
31
Draw the skeletal formula for 2-methylbutane
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
32
Draw the skeletal formula for But-2-ene
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
33
Draw the skeletal formula for Butan-1-ol
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
34
Draw the skeletal formula for cyclohexane
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
35
Draw the skeletal formula for cyclohexene
(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)
36
Give the definition of a functional group.
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties.
37
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Alkanes
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
38
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Alkenes
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
39
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Alcohols
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
40
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Halogenoalkanes
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
41
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Aldehydes
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
42
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Ketones
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
43
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Carboxylic acids
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
44
Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series: Esters
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
45
What is the order of priority - highest first - of: ``` Alcohols Halogenoalkanes Aldehydes Carboxylic acids Ketones Alkenes ```
Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes (see bottom of page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
46
How many carbons does 'meth' have?
1
47
How many carbons does 'eth' have?
2
48
How many carbons does 'prop' have?
3
49
How many carbons does 'but' have?
4
50
How many carbons does 'pent' have?
5
51
How many carbons does 'hex' have?
6
52
How many carbons does 'hept' have?
7
53
How many carbons does 'oct' have?
8
54
How many carbons does 'non' have?
9
55
How many carbons does 'dec' have?
10
56
If the suffix starts with a vowell in the name of a compound you remove the e from the stem or not?
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
57
If the suffix does not start with a vowell in the name of a compound you remove the e from the stem or not?
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
58
Draw trichloromethane
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
59
Draw methylpropane
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
60
Draw butan-1-ol
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
61
Draw 2,3-dribromopentane
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
62
Draw 2,2-dichloro-1-fluorobutane
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
63
Draw 3-bromo-1-fluoropentane
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
64
What is used in nomenclature for when there are 2,3,4,5 and 6 of the same functional groups in a molecule
``` 2 - di- 3 - tri- 4 - tetra- 5 - penta- 6 - hexa- ```
65
Draw the skeletal formula for Z-but-2-ene
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
66
Draw the skeletal formula for Penta-1,3-diene
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
67
Draw the skeletal formula for 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
68
Write the structural formula for 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
69
Draw the skeletal formula for E-but-2-enoic acid
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
70
Draw the displayed formula for 2-bromobutane
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
71
Draw the skeletal formula for 5,5-dibromo-4-iodo-3-methylpent-1-ene
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
72
Draw the skeletal formula for 2,3-dichloro-1-fluoro-3-methylpentane
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
73
Draw the displayed formula for butan-2-ol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
74
Draw the displayed formula for ethane-1,2-diol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
75
Draw the displayed formula for propane-1,2,3-triol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
76
Draw the skeletal formula for E-3,6-dichlorohex-4-en-1-ol
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
77
Draw the displayed formula for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
78
Draw the displayed formula for ethanal
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
79
Draw the skeletal formula for pentanedial
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
80
Draw the skeletal formula for 4-hydroxybutanal
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
81
Draw the displayed formula for propanone
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
82
Draw the displayed formula for pentane-2,4-dione
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
83
Draw the displayed formula for propanoic acid
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
84
Draw the displayed formula for ethanedioc acid
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
85
Draw the skeletal formula for 5-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)
86
Explain homolytic fission with drawings as well.
(see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)
87
Explain heterolytic fission with drawings as well.
(see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)
88
What does a one headed arrow show in a mechanism?
A one headed arrow shows the movement of one electron, (see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)
89
What is the definition of a free radical?
A free radical is a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron. Free radicals do not have a charge and are represented by a dot.
90
When a bond breaks by homolytic fission what does it form two of?
When a bond breaks by homolytic fission it forms two free radicals.
91
When a bond breaks by heterolytic fission what does it form two of?
When a bond breaks by heterolytic fission it forms two ions, negative and positive.
92
Give the definition of structural isomers.
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures (or structural formulae)
93
Give the definition of chain isomers.
COmpouns with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.
94
Give the definition of position isomers.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.
95
Give the definition of functional group isomers.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.
96
Give three examples of chain isomers and draw them.
- pentane - 2-methylbutane - 2,2-dimethylpropane (see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)
97
Give 3 examples of structural isomers.
- Chain isomerism - Position isomerism - Functional group isomerism
98
Give 2 examples of position isomers and draw them.
- 1-bromopropane - 2-bromopropane (see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)
99
Give 4 examples of functional group isomers and draw them.
- ethanol - cyclohexane - methoxymethane - hexene (see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)
100
Give the definition of a stereoisomer.
Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.
101
Give two reasons as to why E-Z stereoisomers arise.
1. There is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond. | 2. There are two different groups/atoms attached both ends of the double bond.
102
Draw the displayed and skeletal formula of Z-but-2-ene
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
103
Draw the displayed and skeletal formula of E-but-2-ene
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
104
Draw the displayed formula of but-1-ene.
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
105
Which of these hydrocarbons contain E-Z isomerism: - but-2-ene - but-1-ene Explain why.
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
106
Draw the displayed formula for Z-1,2-dichloroethene
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
107
Draw the displayed formula for E-1,2-dichloroethene
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
108
How do you assign priority when naming molecules with E-Z isomerism?
The priority group is the atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom.
109
What are the two CIP priority rules when naming molecules with E-Z isomerism?
(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)
110
Describe the difference in boiling points of: | Z-1,2-dichloroethene and E-1,2-dichloroethene
(see page 9 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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