3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is the display formula?
A structure which shows all the atoms and bonds in a molecule
What is the structural formula?
A structure which shows the relative positions of the atoms in a molecule but DOES NOT show any bonds
What is a functional group?
A reactive group which is attached to a hydrocarbon chain
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but a different chain length
What is the general formula?
A formula that represents all members of a homologous eg CnH2n+2
What is the skeletal formula?
Only bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms are shown
As well as other elements drawn on
Carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown
Bonds between carbon and hydrogen are not shown
What 3 lines are used in 3D formula?
Solid - bond in plane
Wedge - bond towards you
Dash - bond retreating away from you
Functional group and naming of alkanes?
C-C
Ethane
Functional group and naming of alkene?
C=C
Ethene
Functional group and naming of alcohols?
O-H
Ethanol
Functional group and naming of ketone?
C=O (in the middle)
Propanone
Functional group and naming of aldehyde?
C=O (CHO)
|
H
Propanal
Functional group and naming of carboxylic acid?
C=O (COOH)
|
O-H
Ethanoic acid
Functional group and naming of halogenoalkanes?
R-Hal or R-X
F - Fluoro
Cl - Chloro
Br - Bromo
I - Iodo
How do you name more than one functional group?
2 - Di
3 - Tri
4 - Tetra
How can we tell the position of a functional group, addition or double bond?
Add numbers before the words and choose the smallest option (you can flip the molecule)
What is used in between numbers and words?
A hyphen -
What order does naming use?
Alphabetical
When naming what takes priority?
Double bonds
What always goes on carbon 1?
The aldehyde and acid group
What should you look out for and beware of when naming molecules?
Look out for the longest carbon chain
Beware the bent molecule
How do you name a ‘circular’ molecule?
Cyclo -
What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently
What are the two types of isomerism?
Structural isomerism
Stereo isomerism
What is structural isomerism?
They have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the three types of structural isomerism?
Positional
Chain
Functional group
What is positional isomerism?
The functional group is attached to the main chain at different positions
What is chain isomerism?
The hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently called chain branching isomers
What is functional group isomerism?
The have the same molecular formula but have a different functional group
