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AQA A-Level Organic Chemistry > 3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

What is the display formula?

A

A structure which shows all the atoms and bonds in a molecule

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4
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

A structure which shows the relative positions of the atoms in a molecule but DOES NOT show any bonds

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5
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A reactive group which is attached to a hydrocarbon chain

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but a different chain length

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7
Q

What is the general formula?

A

A formula that represents all members of a homologous eg CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Only bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms are shown
As well as other elements drawn on

Carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown
Bonds between carbon and hydrogen are not shown

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9
Q

What 3 lines are used in 3D formula?

A

Solid - bond in plane
Wedge - bond towards you
Dash - bond retreating away from you

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10
Q

Functional group and naming of alkanes?

A

C-C

Ethane

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11
Q

Functional group and naming of alkene?

A

C=C

Ethene

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12
Q

Functional group and naming of alcohols?

A

O-H

Ethanol

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13
Q

Functional group and naming of ketone?

A

C=O (in the middle)

Propanone

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14
Q

Functional group and naming of aldehyde?

A

C=O (CHO)
|
H

Propanal

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15
Q

Functional group and naming of carboxylic acid?

A

C=O (COOH)
|
O-H

Ethanoic acid

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16
Q

Functional group and naming of halogenoalkanes?

A

R-Hal or R-X

F - Fluoro
Cl - Chloro
Br - Bromo
I - Iodo

17
Q

How do you name more than one functional group?

A

2 - Di
3 - Tri
4 - Tetra

18
Q

How can we tell the position of a functional group, addition or double bond?

A

Add numbers before the words and choose the smallest option (you can flip the molecule)

19
Q

What is used in between numbers and words?

A

A hyphen -

20
Q

What order does naming use?

A

Alphabetical

21
Q

When naming what takes priority?

A

Double bonds

23
Q

What always goes on carbon 1?

A

The aldehyde and acid group

24
Q

What should you look out for and beware of when naming molecules?

A

Look out for the longest carbon chain

Beware the bent molecule

25
Q

How do you name a ‘circular’ molecule?

A

Cyclo -

26
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently

27
Q

What are the two types of isomerism?

A

Structural isomerism

Stereo isomerism

28
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

They have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

29
Q

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

A

Positional
Chain
Functional group

30
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A

The functional group is attached to the main chain at different positions

31
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

The hydrocarbon chain is arranged differently called chain branching isomers

32
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

The have the same molecular formula but have a different functional group

AQA A-Level Organic Chemistry (14 decks)

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