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Biology Topic 3 - Voice of the Genome > 3.1 - In the beginning > Flashcards

3.1 - In the beginning Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 10 features of a typical prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. ribosome
  2. circular DNA
  3. cell surface membrance
  4. cell wall
  5. cytoplasm
  6. flagellum
  7. pilli
  8. capsule
  9. plasmids
  10. infolding of cell surface membrane
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2
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made up of?

A

contains peptidoglycan (a type of polysaccharide & polypeptide combined)

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3
Q

What is the role of a capsule in a prokaryotic cell?

A

slimy layer on surface for protection & to prevent dehydration

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4
Q

What is the role of a pili in a prokaryotic cell?

A

thin, protein tubes which allow bacterial cells (a type of prokaryotic cell) to adhere to surface

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5
Q

What is the role of the infolding of cell surface membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

A

site of respiration

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6
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

jelly-like substance where all the cell’s chemical reactions happen

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

provides structure to the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

helps to move the cell

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11
Q

What are the 10 organelles in a typical eukaryotic cell?

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. nucleus
  3. nucleolus
  4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  5. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  6. ribosomes
  7. cell surface membrane
  8. Golgi apparatus
  9. lysosome
  10. centrioles
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12
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • site of later stages of aerobic respriation
  • inner of its 2 membranes are folded to form finger-like projections called cristae
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13
Q

What is the nucleus contain?

*don’t say just DNA or genetic info

A
  • contains chromosomes & nucleolus
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14
Q

What are chromsomes made up of?

A

DNA, contains genes that control synthesis of proteins

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15
Q

What is the chromosomes and nucleolus enclosed in? What is it made up of?

A

envelope made up of 2 membranes pierced by pores

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16
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

involved in formation of spindle during nuclear division & in transport with cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are centrioles?

A

hollow cylinders made up of a ring of 9 nine protein microtubules

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18
Q

What is a specialised lysosome?

A

acrosome

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19
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

dense body within the nucleus where ribosomes are made

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20
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of interconnected membrane-bound, flattened sacs
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21
Q

What is attached to the outer surface of RER?

A

ribosomes

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22
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

proteins made on attached ribosomes & are transported through the ER to other parts of cell

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23
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

made of RNA & protein, they are found free in the cytoplasm or attached rough ER

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24
Q

What is cell surface membrane/plasma membrane? What is its function?

A

phospholipid bilayer containing proteins & other molecules forming a partially permeable barrier

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25
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • like rough ER, but without attached ribsomes
  • makes lipids & steroids
26
Q

What is the golgi apparatus? What is its function?

A
  • stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs formed by fusion of vesicles from ER
  • modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transport
27
Q

What are the lysosome?

A

spherical sacs containg digestive enzymes & bound by a single membrane

28
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A
  • involved in breakdown of unwanted structures in cell & in destruction of whole cells, when old cell are to be replaced
29
Q

Which 2 structures are sometimes present in an eukaryotic cell?

A

cilia & flagella

30
Q

What happens in protein trafficking? (9 steps)

A
  1. Transcription (in nucleus), of DNA to mRNA
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus
  3. proteins made on ribosomes enter through rough ER
  4. proteins move through ER, adopting tertiary structure en route
  5. vesicles pinched off rough ER contain protein
  6. vesicles from rough ER fuse to form the flattened sacs of the Golgi apparatus
  7. proteins are modified within the Golgi apparatus
  8. vesicles pinched off the Golgi apparatus contain the modified proteins
  9. vesicles fused with the cell surface membrane releasing proteins (such as extracellular enzymes & these extracellular enzymes will undergo exocytosis)
31
Q

What is protein trafficking?

A

movements of proteins in a cell

32
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

fusion of sperm nuclei & egg nuclei

33
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?

A

46 (full no.)

34
Q

What are the steps of the acrosome reaction?

A
  1. sperm reaches egg cell & binds to zona pellucida
  2. Acrosome swells & fuses with sperm cell surface membrane
  3. Digestive enzymes in acrosome released
  4. Enzymes digest a tunnel through follice & zona pellucida, so sperm can reach plasma membrane of egg cell
  5. plasma membrane of sperm cell & egg cell fuse
  6. sperm releases its nucleus into egg cell cytosplasm
  7. nuclei of sperm & egg fuse
35
Q

What is formed after fertilisation?

A

zygote

36
Q

What are the adaptions of an egg cell? How does this mean they can carry out their function?

A

cytoplasm - contains nutrients for embryo growth
lysosomes - thickens zona pellucida to prevent sperm entry
follicle cells - form protective coating around egg cell
zona pellucida - releases chemicals to attract sperm
cell surface membrane - allows sperm to enter cell

37
Q

Do sex cells contain one copy or two copies of chromosomes?

A

one copy

38
Q

What are the 4 adaptations of a sperm cell? How does this it can carry out its functions?

A

flagellum - swim to egg cell
streamlined shape - faster swimming
body contains lots of mitochondria - provides ATP for movement
head contains acrosome - filled with digestive enzymes to break down egg’s ZP & allow sperm to reach egg cell membrane

39
Q

What the type of gametes called before fertilisation?

A

haploid gametes

40
Q

What does the cortical reaction prevent?

A

multiple sperm cells from fertilising egg

41
Q

What is the process of the cortical reaction?

A
  1. Fusion of sperm cell & egg cell cell surface membrane
  2. Cortical granules release their contents (by exocytosis) into the zona pellucida
  3. These contents react with the zona pellucia causing it to harden which prevents other sperm cells from entering
  4. Sperm & egg cell nuclei then fuse
42
Q

Does the cortical reaction occur before or after the acrosome reaction?

A

after

43
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division that results in productions of 4 haploid nuclei

44
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

gametes

45
Q

What does meiosis create?

A

genetic variation among offspring

46
Q

What are the 2 ways that crossing over can lead to genetic variation?

A
  • crossing over
  • independent assortment
47
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

meiosis 1

48
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A
  • homologous chromosomes come together as pairs & all 4 chromatids come into contact
  • at these contact points, chromatids break & region exchanging sections of DNA between non-sister chromatids
49
Q

What is the point when chromatids break called?

A

chiasmata

50
Q

How does crossing over lead to genetic variation?

A

many chiasmata may form anywhere along length of chromsome, leading -> chromosomes containing new combinations of alleels from both parents

51
Q

Does crossing over occur between sex chromosomes occur?

A

no

52
Q

When does independent assortment occur?

A

occurs during meiosis 1

53
Q

What happens during independent assortment?

A
  • each gamete ends up w only one of homologous pairs of chromosomes
  • independent assortment of chromosomes as they line up during meiosis is random & either chromosome from each pair could be in either gamete
54
Q

What does independent assortment mean for the gametes?

A

gametes can end up with many diff. combinations of maternal or paternal chromosomes

55
Q

Why is genetic variation important?

A

enables some individuals to adapt to environment while maintaining survival of population

56
Q

Other than independent assortment & crossing over, what else can lead to varition?

A

random fertilisation

57
Q

What is random fertilisation?

A

where it is completely as to which sperm will fertilise egg

58
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

in reproductive organs

59
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

identical half of the copied chromosome

60
Q

What are centromeres?

A

region where 2 chromatids are joined at

61
Q

What are the steps of the acrosome reaction?

A
  1. sperm reaches egg cell & binds to zona pellucida
  2. Acrosome swells & fuses with sperm cell surface membrane
  3. Digestive enzymes in acrosome released
  4. Enzymes digest a tunnel through follice & zona pellucida, so sperm can reach plasma membrane of egg cell
  5. plasma membrane of sperm cell & egg cell fuse
  6. sperm releases its nucleus into egg cell cytosplasm
  7. nuclei of sperm & egg fuse

Biology Topic 3 - Voice of the Genome (4 decks)

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