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Geography IB > 3.1 Global Trends in Consumption > Flashcards

3.1 Global Trends in Consumption Flashcards

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1
Q

Biocapacity

A

Capacity of a given area to generate on ongoing supply of renewable supply of renewable resources and to absorb it waste

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2
Q

Food security

A

The “availability and access. to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

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3
Q

Virtual (or embedded water)

A

The water involved in the manufacturing and growing of products (such as food, materials, and manufactured goods) in one place that is transferred to other, often water-scarce, places via trading.

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4
Q

Nexus

A

The interrelationship, interdependence, and interactions between water, food, and energy.

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5
Q

Water security

A

Continuing access to safe drinking water and sanitation.

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6
Q

What is the MDG

A

Millenium development goals

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7
Q

What were the MDGs?

A
  • a set of interrelated global targets for poverty reduction and human development
  • They were introduced in 2000 at the UN Millenium Summit; their successor Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) followed in 2015
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8
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

When a person’s income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society.
- Asset growth for very rick people can lead to more people being in relative poverty.

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9
Q

What is social exclusion?

A

Exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group.

etc. poor people are excluded from technology.

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10
Q

What has happened to the middle class in the previous decades?

A

The middle class has grown to a great extent.
In 1990 around 50 percent of people in LICS lived on less than 1.25 dollars a day; by 2015 it was around 14 percent.

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11
Q

What is the rise of the middle class a result of?

A
  • The increase in average incomes
  • The fall in the number of people living in poverty
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12
Q

Describe the trends in poverty reduction in different regions.

A
  • Poverty levels have more than halved on a global scale between 1987 and 2013 when they were below 800 million.
  • The majority of this decline (800 million) was achieved in East Asia and the Pacific
  • South Asia haled its poverty levels in the same time period. All other regions have seen marginal falls in poverty levels expect for Sub-Sahara Africa, north Africa and the Middle East
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13
Q

Sub Sahara Africa estimation by the World Bank

A

WB estimates that the worlds poorest will be S.S Africa in 2030

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14
Q

What are the reasons for the fall in poverty in the last decade?

A
  • China, Eastern Europe, and India participate in the global economy
  • China - global superpower (low-cost labor, attracting manufacturing & massive rural to urban migration= improved livelihoods, jobs, and a modern consumer lifestyle)
  • Trickle-down of scientific & medical know-how from Europe, N.America & Japan
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15
Q

Why is the rise of the middle class an important economic feature?

A

It helps to increase the sales of goods such as electric goods, mobile phones, and cars.
Ect: Sales of cars and motorbikes have increased by over 800 percent since 2009.
However continued growth is not always guaranteed.

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16
Q

Does the middle class have economic security?

A

Not all middle class has economic security. Many people on incomes over 4 dollars/day remain vulnerable to unemployment and underemployment.

For many working in informal activities, there is little or no economic or social security.

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17
Q

The progress in reducing poverty has been…

A

Uneven

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18
Q

Case study of Vietnam for the rise of the middle class:

A

Since 1990, economic growth in Vietnam has averaged 6 percent per year.
This has resulted in the country developing from one of the world’s poorest countries into a MIC.

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19
Q

Reasons for Vietnam’s rise of the middle class

A
  • As Chinas wages have risen firms have reallocated to low-cost Vietnam
  • Vietnam has a young population (more workers, more efficiency)
  • It has invested in education
  • Vietnam is a member of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) a 12-country trading bloc
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20
Q

Why are women more likely to be in poverty?

A
  • work less than men
  • earn less on average
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21
Q

What is the result of the increase in both population and the number of wealthy people? (in terms of resources)

A

The consumption of resources increases making the world’s resources be in danger of being used up

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22
Q

What is the new global middle class? (NGMC)

A
  • Globally, the middle class is defined as people with discretionary income
  • They can spend this on consumer goods, and at the upper end, private healthcare, holidays, or even cars.
  • Around 3,650 dollars- 36,500 dollars
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23
Q

What is the fragile middle class?

A
  • The people who have escaped poverty but are yet to join the NGMCs
  • This is similar to the idea of the “lower middle” class
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24
Q

Why has there been a rise in the “global middle class”?

A
  • This change has been brought about mainly by rapid economic growth and industrialization.
  • Stable government has enabled investor confidence leading to FDI (foreign direct investment)
  • In addition, government investment in education and greater openness to the global market (has increased consumer spending power)
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25
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The hypothetical area of land required by a society, a group, or an individual to fulfill all their resource needs and assimilate all their waste.

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26
Q

What is ecological footprint measured in?

A

Global hectares (gha)

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27
Q

What is Earth Overshoot day?

A

This marks the date when humanity has used all the biological resources that Earth regenerates during the entire year

28
Q

Explain how ecological footprint measures resource consumption

A
  • This is calculated by measuring the amount of bio-productive land and sea area, built-up land, energy use, and land required for energy consumption
  • It is often simplified and therefore can be an approximation
  • It tends to be expressed as either an average number if hectares per person in a population or as net carbon emissions
29
Q

What can ecological footprint act as?

A

They can act as a model for monitoring environmental impact

They can allow for a direct comparison between groups, and individuals such as comparing LICs and HICs.

They can highlight sustainable vs unsustainable lifestyles (populations with a larger footprint than their land areas are living beyond sustainable limits.)

30
Q

A country increases its ecological footprint by:

A
  • relying heavily on fossil fuels
  • Increasing its use of technology, and, therefore energy (tech can also help reduce the footprint)
  • High levels of imported resources (which have high transport costs)
  • Large per capita production of carbon waste (that is high energy use of high fossil fuels)
  • Large per capita consumption of food
  • having a meat-rich diet
31
Q

A country can reduce its ecological footprint by:

A
  • reducing the amount of resources it uses
  • recycling resources
  • reusing resources
  • improving the efficiency of resource use
  • reducing the amount of pollution it produces
  • transporting waste to other countries to deal with
  • improving technology to increase carrying capacity
  • importing more resources from other countries
  • reducing its population to reduce resource use
  • using technology to increase carrying capacity (for example, using GM crops to increase the yield on the same amount of land)
  • ## using technology to intensify land use
32
Q

Factors used in a full ecological footprint calculation:

A
  • bioproductive (currently used) land- land used for food and materials such as farmland, garden, pasture, and managed forest
  • bioproductive sea - the sea used for human consumption (often limited to coastal areas)
  • energy land- an equivalent amount of land that would be required to support renewable energy instead of non-renewable energy. The amount of energy land depends on the method of energy generation (large in the case of fossil fuel use) and is difficult to estimate for the planet.
  • built (consumed) land- land used for development such as roads and buildings
  • biodiversity land- land required to support all non-human species
  • non productive land- land such as deserts, subtracted from the total land avaiable.

-

33
Q

Factors taken into consideration for the simplified version of the ecological footprint:

A
  • land or water required to provide aquatic and atmospheric resources
  • land or water needed to assimilate wastes other than carbon dioxide
  • land used to produce materials imported into the country to subsidize arable land and increase yields
  • replacement of productive land lost through urbanization
34
Q

Carbon footprint

A

GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions by a person/country/event etc. expressed as CO2 equivalent

35
Q

Changes in ecological footprints for HICS, MICS, and LICS over time

A

LICs tend to have smaller ecological footprints than HICs because of their lower rates of consumption

In HICs people have more disposable income, leading to a greater demand for and consumption of resources.

HICs produce more waste in pollution

LICs is responsible for recycling many resources.

36
Q

Water distribution is…

A

uneven

37
Q

What will/is happening to the demand of water?

A

It will increase due to population growth and rising standards of living. This will further stretch the Earth’s resources.

38
Q

Demand for water is increasingly strained by:

A
  • growing population
  • growth of the middle class (which can afford more goods)
  • changing dietary habits into higher meat consumption, growth of tourism and recreation (e.g. golf courses)
39
Q

Where is one place where water availability is likely to decrease?

A

Sub-Sahara Africa (where 300 million people live in a water-scarce environment)
Climate change will increase water stress in many areas too, such as Central and Southern Europe.

40
Q

What does embedded water allow countries to do?

A

Allows countries with scarce water resources to benefit from water-intensive goods (since water itself is difficult to transport) and allows countries to save their own water resources while benefiting from others

41
Q

What is blue water?

A

Fresh water, e.g from the Earths surface and underground resources

42
Q

What is green water?

A

water from precipitation e.g. the rain, stored in plants, snow

43
Q

What is grey water?

A

polluted water, e.g washing machines, showers, draining from households

44
Q

When do problems with virtual water occur?

A
  • When water-intensive products are produced in already dry regions with the use of irrigation like strawberries in Spain and cotton in central Asia
  • when we buy the fruit and the t-shirts we have also imported virtual water from these dry regions … and perhaps contributed to water pollution.
45
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

occurs when the natural water resources in an area cannot meet the needs of the people living there

46
Q

Where does physical water scarcity occur?

A

North-west china, central Asia, parts of Australia, south west United States and Northern Africa

47
Q

Economic water scarcity

A

arises when poor management of the water resources in an area, such as under-investment in water storage and distribution systems, causes the demand for water to exceed the amount available.

48
Q

Where does economic water scarcity occur?

A

This occurs especially in low-income countries where the government lacks the funds to invest in infrastructure, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, northern India, and part of Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.)

49
Q

Water trap

A

A situation in which one does not have a stable water supply by pipelines, so they have to walk to collect waster for basic household activities

50
Q

Case study for the water trap

A

Malawi:
- 1/3 of the population lives more than 30 min away from improved water facilities

  • the problem is not a shortage of water per se, but a shortage of safe water
  • many only have access to unimproved water sources (e.g. wells they dig themselves which can be easily contaminated e.g. by agricultural fertilizers)
  • In some regions of Malawi, over half of the filtered, safe water is lost (because of leakages or thefts) before it reaches consumers
51
Q

Food intake pattern

A

Food intake has steadily increase as the worlds population has increased

52
Q

What is food intake measured in?

A

Calorie intake

53
Q

Where has calorie intake remained the same?

A

Sub-Sahara Africa

54
Q

Where has calorie intake increased heavily?

A

East Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa

55
Q

Land availability patterns

A

Land availability/person has declined in many areas

56
Q

Cause of decrease in land availability

A
  • rapid population growth
  • land-use changes
  • land grabs by foreign companies
57
Q

What happens in diet as countries develop?

A

Move away from cereals towards a more varied diet, including meat, vegetables, and dairy products

58
Q

The growth in consumption is due to.,.

A

A decline in prices, especially prices relative to income

59
Q

Farming and food production trends and patterns

A

In recent years, the growth rates of food production and crop yields have been falling

  • some of this reduction can be put down to natural hazards (fire, floods, drought), global climate change and the use of land to produce biofuels.
60
Q

Three main ways of increasing crop reduction:

A
  1. extensification
  2. multi cropping
  3. intensification
61
Q

What is extensification?

A

expanding the area farmed

62
Q

What is multi-cropping?

A

harvesting two or more crops a year

63
Q

What is intensification?

A

for example, using high-yielding varieties or genetically modified organisms

64
Q

Reasons for increasing farm productivity worldwide:

A
  • technological developments provide farmers with the means to perform tasks such as ploughing and harvesting much more quickly
  • Pesticides and chemical fertilizers have become more commonplace around the world, and these increase yields by removing competitor plants and inspect species while boosting the nutrient base for growing plants
  • Farm sizes have been growing allowing greater use of machinery and enabling economies of scale to be achieved.
  • Increasing demand, providing farmers with financial incentive to increase production in an efficient manner
  • improved spatial integration, through the construction of roads and railways enables farmers to transport their produce cheaply to more markets, increasing sales.
65
Q

What happens to obesity with urbanization?

A

Obesity increases with urbanization

as people gain access to high-calorie foods, and their lifestyles become more sedetary.

66
Q

Case study: London (food production and consumption)

A
  • 95% of fruit and 60% of vegetables are imported, and 80% of everything that seven and a half Londoners eat comes from abroad.

Geography IB (2 decks)

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