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Biology AS > 3.1 Exchange Surfaces and Breathing > Flashcards

3.1 Exchange Surfaces and Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Exchange surface

A

A specialised area that is adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other

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2
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similar specialised cells working together to perform a common function

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3
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The movement of gases by diffusion between an organism and its environment across a barrier eg. Alveoli

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4
Q

Expiration - 6 steps

A

1) diaphragm relaxes, expands moves ⬆️
2) external ICM relax, ribs move in
3) internal ICM contract - push air out
4) decreases vol. inside thorax + lungs
5) induces pressure inside lungs to above atmospheric pressure
6) air moves out of lungs down pressure grad

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5
Q

Inspiration - 5 steps

A

1) diaphragm contracts flattens moves ⬇️
2) ext. ICM contract, ribs ⬆️+out
3) increases vol. inside thorax + lungs
4) reduces pressure below atmospheric pressure
5) air moves down pressure grad.

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6
Q

Tissues found in bronchioles

A

Ciliates epithelium
Goblet cells (large bronchi only)
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres

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7
Q

Tissues in bronchi

A 
Cartilage
Ciliates epithelium 
Goblet cells
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
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8
Q

Tissues in trachea

A 
C shaped cartilage
Ciliates epithelium 
Goblet cells
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
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9
Q

Tissues in alveoli

A 
Elastic fibres 
Squamous epithelium (cells of wall)
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10
Q

Role of blood vessels

A

Supply lung tissue with oxygen for aerobic respiration

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11
Q

Role of elastic fibres

A

Do not contract / relax
Stretch when smooth muscle contracts
Recoil when smooth muscle relax to help airway return to its original shape

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12
Q

Role of smooth muscle

A

Constrict airways when it contracts

Reduces flow of air to reduce harmful substances that enter

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13
Q

Role of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus
Traps bacteria and dust
Removed from lungs to reduce infection risk

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14
Q

Role of ciliates epithelium

A

Waft to and fro
push mucus up to the top of the trachea
removed from lungs

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15
Q

Role of c shaped cartilage

A

Keep airways open
Prevent collapse due to low pressure during inspiration
Allow neck flexibility
Swallowing with oesophagus

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16
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath at rest

17
Q

Expiration reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be breathed out above the normal tidal volume

18
Q

Vital capacity

A

Largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one breath

19
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after biggest possible exhalation

20
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be breathed in above normal tidal volume

21
Q

How many gills do fish have

A

5 pairs

22
Q

Operculum

A

Bony plate that covers the gills

23
Q

Gill filaments

A

2 Gill filaments (aka primary lamellae) makes up one Gill

24
Q

Secondary lamellae

A

Filaments are folded into secondary lamellae (aka Gill plates)

25
Q

Counter current flow

A

Blood flows through capillaries in opposite direction to the water

26
Q

Advantage of countercurrent flow

A

Absorbs maximum amount of oxygen from water

27
Q

Buccal-opercular pump mechanism

A

Buccal cavity floor moves ⬇️ draw water in
Mouth closes floor rises - push water through gills
Operculum moves outwards - reduce pressure in opercular cavity - hell water flow through gills

28
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is maintained inside vessels

29
Q

Spiracles

A

Pores in body of insects that allow air in

30
Q

Tracheal system

A

In insects
supplies air to tissues
Transported in tracheae

31
Q

Tracheole

A

Branch off trachea

Site for gaseous exchange in insects

32
Q

Tracheal fluid

A

Prevent trachea less from drying out

Can be withdrawn into body fluid to increase SA for exchange

33
Q

Air sacs (insects)

A

Action of Flight muscles squeezes air sacs

Expansion and contraction of sacs ventilated system

34
Q

Movement of wings

A

Alters volume of thorax and therefore pressure
High pressure - air out
Low pressure - air in

35
Q

Abdomen and spiracles

A

Alter volume of abdomen
Coordinate with opening and closing of spiracles
(Expands, front spiracles open, air enters)
(Loses vol, back open, air leaves)

36
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

37
Q

Transport

A

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and hear are moved through the body eg. Oxygen through blood vessels

Biology AS (6 decks)

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