3.1 ATP Flashcards
What is ATP
A nucleotide and major energy currency of cell.
Contains ribose, adenine and 3 phosphate groups
Why is ATP the major energy currency of the cell
Because its used by all organisms in all cells eg mechanical work
ATP requires the continuous input of free energy for three major purposes
What are those purposes
Mechanical work
Protein synthesis
Active transport
What are the advantages of ATP
Small, soluble so easily transported (30.6)
Provides immediate source of energy for biological work
Easily hydrolysed by 1 enzyme
What is ATP synthesises by
Atp synethetase which occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Define chemiosmosis
Flow of protons through ATPase (which is found within stalked particles of the inner membranes) down an electrochemical gradient which provides potential energy for the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP.
What is the name given to the chemical reaction that synthesises ATP
Oxidative phosphorolation
Describe how the proton gradient that causes ATP synthesis is produced
Electrons move through the electron transport chain, releasing energy that pumps protons (H⁺) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. This results in a high H⁺ concentration in the intermembrane space (mitochondria) or thylakoid lumen (chloroplasts). Protons then diffuse back through ATP synthase, driving ATP production from ADP and Pi.
What is the role of oxygen in the ETC
Electron acceptor and forms H2O
Where is the ETC located.
inner mitochondrial membrane of mitochondria
Describe what’s happens during the ETC
- NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and protons to the ETC
- the electrons are passed down the chain
- energy lost from electrons used to pump protons from the matrix
- concentration and gradients drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase
- oxygen accepts electrons from the chain and also accepts protons - all combine to form water
How is ATP synthetase used in the ETC
The proton gradient generated allows protons to pass back into the matrix/stroma via ATP synthetase. The electrochemical gradient and subsequent flow of charge provides energy necessary for the phosphorylation from ADP to form ATP(chemiosmosis)
When the body has no ATP what does it use for energy
Uses the bodies FAT store
Which produces heat as a byproduct
How do you make ATP
ADP + Pi ———> ATP
In an endergonic reaction meaning energy is stored in the molecule
With reference to the structure of this molecule, ATP, explain why it is referred to as the universal energy currency.
The energy stored in high energy Phosphate to phosphate bonds (1)
when broken, this releases energy which is a common source of energy (1)
for all organisms and (nearly all) biochemical reactions (1)
In which reactions are ATP produced
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light energy transduced to chemical energy in ATP
RESPIRATION
Chemical energy from glucose transduced to chemical energy in ATP
Where do organisms get the continuous input of free energy
Oxidation of food molecules
Trapping light energy
