3.1 and 3.2 Flashcards
Where does digestion of food occur?
In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
What is mastication?
A mechanical process in the digestion of food.
What is an example of mechanical digestion?
Chewing.
Do accessory organs participate in digestion?
No digestion occurs in the accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
What is bile?
An emulsifier that brings lipase and dietary fat closer.
What enzyme helps break down starch?
Amylase.
What enzyme helps break down triglycerides?
Lipase.
What can cause protein denaturation?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach and heat when cooking.
Where does protein digestion occur?
In the small intestine by protease enzymes.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions.
What is the bonding of amino acids to form proteins called?
Anabolic.
What does glucagon do?
Increases blood glucose by breaking down glycogen.
What is cholesterol synthesis?
Involves anabolic reactions.
What is peristalsis?
The autonomic action that moves food particles along the digestive tract.
Where is most water absorbed in the GI tract?
In the colon (large intestine).
Where are most nutrients absorbed in the GI tract?
In the small intestine.
What are the two basic types of protein shape?
Fibrous and globular.
What condition is Kwashiorkor best described as?
Protein malnutrition.
What is marasmus?
Both protein and energy malnutrition.
What is an example of a high-quality protein?
Eggs.
What is fiber’s effect on transit time?
Decreases the amount of time food spends in the GI tract.
What type of fiber helps lower blood cholesterol?
Soluble fiber.
What are the dietary fiber recommendations for women?
25g/d.
What are the dietary fiber recommendations for men?
38g/d.
What is the action of glucagon?
Increase the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
What is insulin’s role?
Decreases the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
What is hypoglycemia?
When the level of sugar in the blood becomes too low.
What is lactose intolerance?
Causes gas, bloating, and diarrhea after the consumption of dairy products.
What is the difference between lactose intolerance and milk allergy?
Lactose intolerance does not involve the immune system.
What is Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmunity where the pancreas cannot produce insulin.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
The most common form of diabetes in the United States.
What is the primary objective of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet?
To lower cholesterol.
What is a risk factor for heart disease?
High levels of blood homocysteine.
What are High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)?
Characterized as the ‘good’ type of cholesterol.
What is atherosclerosis?
The hardening of the arteries.
What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
Heart disease.
What nutrient is Vitamin E?
An antioxidant nutrient that supports heart health.
What foods are protective against heart disease?
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables.
What are three or more factors that diagnose metabolic syndrome?
Elevated fasting blood triglycerides, reduced HDL, elevated blood pressure.
What type of diet is protective against many types of cancer?
Avoiding high fat diet (unless low in SFA, high in MUFA, and moderate in PUFA).
What can high intakes of saturated fat increase the risk of?
Developing cancer.
Elevated Fasting Blood Triglycerides:
≥150 mg/dl (metabolic disorder)
Elevated Blood Pressure:
≥130/85 mm Hg
Reduced HDL:
<50 mg/dl (female); <40 mg/dl (male)
Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose:
≥110 mg/dl
Elevated Waist Circumference:
> 35” (female); >40” (male)
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for protein
.8gs/kg
pound to kg
lbs/2.2
personalized fiber intake
1.4g/100kcal
