3.1 Flashcards
What is the glycemic index of apple?
Low
The glycemic index measures how quickly foods raise blood sugar levels.
What is the main role of VLDL?
Delivers triglycerides from liver to tissues
What does LDL deliver to tissues?
Cholesterol
What is the function of HDL?
Returns cholesterol to the liver
What is IDL?
Transition lipoprotein between VLDL and LDL
What does the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet aim to manage?
Cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease
What is the recommended daily limit for saturated fat in the TLC diet?
Less than 7% of total daily calories
What is the recommended daily intake of dietary cholesterol according to the TLC diet?
Less than 200 mg/day
How many grams of plant stanols/sterols are recommended per day in the TLC diet?
2 grams/day
What percentage of total daily calories should come from carbohydrates in the TLC diet?
Around 50–60%
Which dietary scenario is most likely to contribute to cancer?
High polyunsaturated fatty acid intake
What are the two basic types of synthesized proteins in the body?
- Fibrous
- Globular
Is cis the natural configuration of hydrogen positions on carbon molecules in unsaturated fatty acids?
True
How do omega-3 fatty acids affect heart health?
Increase HDL and decrease LDL cholesterol levels
What does a blood pressure measurement of 110/60 indicate?
Is optimal
What does a fasting blood glucose measurement of 160 mg/dl indicate?
Increases disease risk
What does an HDL cholesterol measurement of 36 mg/dl indicate?
Increases disease risk
What does an LDL cholesterol measurement of 185 mg/dl indicate?
Increases disease risk
What is the total cholesterol measurement of 170 mg/dl classified as?
Is normal
What is the collective name for initiation, promotion, and progression in cancer development?
Carcinogenesis
What is glucagon?
A hormone made by the pancreas that increases blood sugar levels
What does glucagon signal the liver to do when blood sugar is low?
Break down glycogen into glucose
What does the liver produce to aid in digestion?
Bile
Which organs produce enzymes for digestion?
- Salivary glands (amylase)
- Stomach (pepsin)
- Pancreas (amylase, lipase, proteases)
- Small intestine (various enzymes)
At what age is Type 1 diabetes most commonly diagnosed?
Childhood or adolescence
What is Type 2 diabetes commonly linked with?
Obesity, inactivity, and diet
Why is HDL considered the ‘good’ cholesterol?
Helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
What is LDL known as and why?
Bad cholesterol; it can deposit cholesterol on artery walls
What is denaturation of a protein?
The process where the protein’s shape is altered
What effect do saturated fatty acids have on blood cholesterol?
Increase LDL cholesterol levels
What is true about fiber’s effect on transit time?
Decreases transit time
What is the primary energy source for the brain?
Glucose
What organ makes bile and stores glycogen?
Liver
What is a risk factor for heart disease?
Obesity
What is the clinical name for protein deficiency?
Kwashiorkor
What are blood’s transportation vessels for water-soluble substances?
Blood
What is the anabolic process by which plant cells make carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
What is the action that moves food along the gastrointestinal tract called?
Peristalsis
What type of digestion involves muscles and nerves?
Mechanical digestion
What type of protein has a uniform alpha-helix or beta-sheet formation?
Fibrous protein
What is the process generating sticky lipid fragments that increase atherosclerosis?
Oxidation of LDL
What is an excellent food source of fiber?
Legumes
What is the leading cause of arterial wall injury and atherosclerosis?
High blood pressure (hypertension)
What type of soluble fiber is found in apples?
Pectin
What does the gallbladder secrete to emulsify fat?
Bile
What type of fatty acids decrease LDL cholesterol levels?
Monounsaturated fatty acids
What hormone reduces blood sugar levels?
Insulin
What does the pancreas release into the duodenum?
Sodium bicarbonate
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and electrolytes from indigestible food
What aids fat absorption?
Emulsification with bile
What absorption mechanism requires a selective protein carrier and ATP energy?
Active transport
What can high protein diets lead to?
Increased excretion of water, calcium, and vitamin B6
How is protein need determined?
Based on body weight
What are the two basic types of proteins based on structure and function?
- Fibrous proteins
- Globular proteins
What is hyperhomocysteinemia?
High levels of homocysteine in the blood
What does homeostasis refer to?
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment
What do antioxidants do?
Prevent oxidation reactions by neutralizing free radicals
What type of physical activity is known to increase HDL cholesterol levels?
Aerobic physical activity
What effects do omega-3 fatty acids have on heart health?
- Reduce inflammation
- Lower triglyceride levels
- Prevent blood clot formation
Where are most vitamins and minerals absorbed?
Small intestine
What do plants produce during photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
In whole grain processing, the amount of _______ is decreased.
Fiber, vitamin and mineral content
What does the central nervous system primarily rely on for energy?
Glucose
What is the effect of soluble fiber on cholesterol levels?
Helps to lower cholesterol levels
What can fiber, especially soluble fiber, bind to?
- Fat
- Cholesterol
- Bile
What are examples of soluble fibers?
- Pectin
- Gum
- Mucilage
What do enzymes often require for their function?
Vitamins or minerals as cofactors
What is normal blood pressure typically defined as?
Less than 120/80 mmHg
What is digestion?
The breakdown of food into molecules.
What are the two types of digestion?
- Mechanical digestion
- Chemical digestion
What is an enzyme?
A protein that catalyzes metabolic reactions and is necessary for most biochemical reactions.
What is the role of digestive enzymes?
They break down food substances.
Name examples of digestive enzymes.
- Amylase for carbohydrates
- Proteases for proteins
- Lipase for lipids/fats
What are hormones?
Chemicals produced by cells (typically endocrine glands) that affect the behavior of cells at distal sites in the body.
List examples of hormones involved in digestion.
- Cholecystokinin
- Secretin
What is mastication?
Mechanical digestion process of chewing.
What does the bolus turn into after mixing with stomach contents?
Chyme.
What is peristalsis?
A muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal tract, controlled by the nervous system.
What is the function of the stomach in digestion?
It mechanically digests food by mixing and turning, and chemically digests food with acid and enzymes.
What does the duodenum produce?
Hormones that signal accessory organs to aid digestion.
What is the role of the liver in digestion?
It makes bile.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile and emulsifies fats.
What does the pancreas produce?
- Enzymes for the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
What is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
Jejunum.
What type of nutrients are absorbed in the ileum?
Selected nutrients like B12.
What is the purpose of the colon?
To absorb water.
How are water-soluble nutrients transported?
Released into blood vessels.
How are fat-soluble nutrients transported?
Via lymphatic vessels.
Define catabolic reactions.
Breaking down, involves hydrolysis reactions.
Define anabolic reactions.
Building up, involves condensation reactions.
What is homeostasis?
The balance of catabolic and anabolic reactions to achieve a stable internal environment.
What are the primary organs of excretion?
- Kidney
- Skin
- Lung
- Colon
What causes protein denaturation?
- Heat
- Alkali
- Acid treatments
- Metals
What occurs during protein digestion?
Chemical bonds break, releasing amino acids.
What is protein synthesis?
The process of converting DNA to RNA and then to protein.
What determines protein character?
The combination and sequencing of the 20 amino acids and the folding of the polypeptide strand.
What are the types of proteins?
- Fibrous
- Globular
What are the functions of proteins?
- Growth and tissue maintenance
- Enzymes
- Antibodies
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Energy
- Hormones
- Transportation of nutrients
What is the DRI for protein?
0.8 gm/kg.
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants make carbohydrate structures.
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + sunlight = carbohydrates and O2.
What are the categories of dietary fiber?
- Soluble
- Insoluble
What is the DRI for dietary fiber in males?
38 grams.
What is the DRI for dietary fiber in females?
25 grams.
Fill in the blank: The total fiber is the combined amounts of _______ and _______.
[dietary fiber] and [functional fiber].
