3.1

Question 1

what are the 4 types of federal organisations

Answer 1

departments, independent agencies, regulatory agencies, and government corporations

Question 2

what is the difference between a civil service and a political employee

Answer 2

civil service reports to the government

political reports to their party

Question 3

what is the patronage system

Answer 3

A system that rewards the supporters of successful political candidates and parties while firing supporters of the opposing parties.

Question 4

what is the civil service system

Answer 4

A government employment system in which employees are hired on the basis of their qualifications and cannot be fired merely for belonging to the wrong political party.

Question 5

what was the pendleton act of 1883

Answer 5

Established the civil service by greatly expanding the use of competitive examinations for public post

Question 6

what was the hatch act of 1939

Answer 6

Federal law that limits participation of federal employees in political campaigns.

Question 7

what does decentralisation mean

Answer 7

Permits regional and local offices to manage their own performances without close supervision from headquarters.

Question 8

what does privatisation mean

Answer 8

A formerly public service that is now provided by a private company but paid for by the government.

Question 9

what is the iron triangle and which parties are involved

Answer 9

The tight relationship between employees in government agencies, interest groups, and legislators and their staff members, who work together behind the scenes to shape laws and public policy.

THE THREE POINTS:
Interest Groups
Bureaucracy
Congress

Question 10

what are regulations

Answer 10

Legal rules created by government agencies based on authority delegated by the legislature.

Question 11

what was the Schechter Poultry v US case about and who won?

Answer 11

?

Question 12

what was the Chevron USA v. NRDC case about and who won?

Answer 12

?

Question 13

what was Hamilton’s view of the judiciary as a whole?

Answer 13

Hamilton thought if judges exercised will instead of judgment they would be substituting themselves for the legislature.

Question 14

what was Hamilton’s view of appointments for the judiciary?

Answer 14

Hamilton favored federal judges getting life time appointments so that they could be free to say what the law is and so that they could have advanced expertise in the law.

Question 15

what is the difference between the adversarial system and the inquisitorial legal system?

Answer 15

Common law countries use an adversarial system to determine facts in the adjudication process. The prosecution and defence compete against each other, and the judge serves as a referee to ensure fairness to the accused, and that the legal rules criminal procedure followed.
(USA USES THIS ONE)

The inquisitorial system is associated with civil law legal systems, and it has existed for many centuries. It is characterized by extensive pre-trial investigation and interrogations with the objective to avoid bringing an innocent person to trial.

Question 16

how does federalism impact the judicial system

Answer 16

Because of federalism there are state courts and federal courts, but that state courts can still be appealed to the Supreme Court if the cases touch on a federal question

Question 17

What are US District courts

Answer 17

• Usually first court to hear a case (Original Jurisdiction)
• Trial Courts-jury or bench trials
• Finder of facts-guilty (criminal case) or liable (Civil case)

***district courts have trials to find facts and appeals courts review the law.

Question 18

what is the US Circuit Court of Appeals

Answer 18

• 11 Circuit courts, DC Court of Appeals
• Oral arguments of Lawyers, usually 3 judge panel
• Appeals Courts-review law, not the facts

Question 19

what is a majority opinion

Answer 19

a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court

Question 20

what is a concurring opinion

Answer 20

a concurring opinion is in certain legal systems a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different reasons as the basis for his or her decision.

Question 21

what is a dissenting opinion

Answer 21

an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment.

Question 22

what is a writ of certiorari

Answer 22

A writ of certiorari orders a lower court to deliver its record in a case so that the higher court may review it

Question 23

define judicial review

Answer 23

Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.

Established in 1803 in the Marbury v Madison trial

Question 24

what is senatorial courtesy

Answer 24

Senatorial courtesy is a long-standing unwritten, unofficial, and nonbinding political custom in the United States describing the tendency of U.S. senators to support a Senate colleague in opposing the appointment to federal office of a presidential nominee from that Senator’s state

Question 25

define case precedent

Answer 25

A precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts

Question 26

define stare decisis

Answer 26

the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent.

Question 27

define test case

Answer 27

a case that sets a precedent for other cases involving the same question of law.

Question 28

what is an amicus brief

Answer 28

Amicus briefs are legal documents filed in appellate court cases by non-litigants with a strong interest in the subject matter. The briefs advise the court of relevant, additional information or arguments that the court might wish to consider.

Question 29

what is the attitudinal model of the judiciary

Answer 29

The attitudinal model assumes that the decisions are made by a judge based on the case facts against his sincere attitudes and values.

Question 30

what is the strategic model of the judiciary

Answer 30

It assumes that, while the judge has personal policy preferences and goals, he or she must realize those within existing legal constraint

Question 31

define new institutionalism

Answer 31

a school of thought focused on developing a sociological view of institutions—the way they interact and how they affect society.

Question 32

what are the two theories of the function of political parties

Answer 32

The rational party model, which views them as organizations that simply try to win offices, the other is the responsible party model, where the goal of parties is to shape public policy

Question 33

what are the three ways political scientists talk about political parties

Answer 33

1) Party in Government-officials elected under a party banner
2) Party in the Electorate- every citizens that attaches themselves to a political party.
3) Party as Organization-formal apparatus of the party including headquarters, offices, and leaders.

Question 34

What was the original divide of party politics in the US

Answer 34

the first political parties in the United States split over Thomas Jefferson’s vision of America as a nation of independent farmers versus Alexander Hamilton’s hope for vibrant cities as centers of manufacturing and industry.

Question 35

what were Jefferson’s supporters called

Answer 35

Jeffersonian Republicans

Question 36

what were Hamilton’s supporters called

Answer 36

Federalist Party

ft. John Adams

Question 37

what was the corrupt bargain of 1824

Answer 37

Alleged secret deal that let the House of Representatives to select John Quincy Adams as President, who had come in second in the popular vote. In exchange for making Henry Clay his secretary of state.

led to the re-emergence of partisanship in the nation after the “era of good feelings.”

Question 38

Which party was formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson’s Democratic party

Answer 38

the Whigs, who favored internal improvements like roads and canals as well as the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency.

Question 39

Where did the Republican party come from

Answer 39

the Republican Party emerged as a party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into the territories in 1854`

Question 40

What was the result of critical elections in the 19th and 20th centuries

Answer 40

electoral reallingment

Question 41

what is the candidate-centered era

Answer 41

post 1960 is considered the Candidate-Centered Era, where candidates became much more independent of political parties

Question 42

Why don’t third parties have any success in the US?

Answer 42

because the United States is a first-past-the post system, which fosters attitudinal barriers that make people believe minor party candidates cannot win. Additionally, there are often ballot access laws that make it difficult for candidates to get their names on the ballot

Question 43

what is the unit rule

Answer 43

a rule under which a delegation to a national political convention casts its entire vote as a unit as determined by a majority vote.

Question 44

how are electoral college votes calculated

Answer 44

every state gets electoral votes equal to the number of members of the House of Representatives plus two in the Electoral College

Question 45

How did interest groups become an idea

Answer 45

Alexis de Tocqueville visited America (from France) in the 1830’s and remarked on Americans’ extraordinary tendency to form social organizations to solve problems and advance interests.

Question 46

define professional association

Answer 46

seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession and the public interest

Question 47

define public interest groups

Answer 47

groups pursuing goals the achievement of which ostensibly will provide benefits to the public at large, or at least to a broader population than the group’s own membership.

Question 48

define think tank

Answer 48

a body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific political or economic problems.

Question 49

what is one theory behind the growing number of interest groups

Answer 49

because society is becoming more complex and diverse and breaking into cleavages.

Question 50

what is the main idea or argument of the disturbance theory

Answer 50

argues that groups form when they are concerned about social change such as other groups or events.

Question 51

what are collective goods

Answer 51

goods used by all individuals in society such as clean air and water.

Question 52

what are some benefits organisations offer to get people to join their groups

Answer 52

• Informational Benefits-newsletters, training, conferences provided to members.
• Material Benefits-goods, services, or money provided to members.
• Solidary Benefits-friendship and networking provided to members.
• Purposive Benefits-purpose and accomplishments of the group provided to members.

Question 53

what is inside lobbying

Answer 53

inside lobbying is appealing directly to lawmakers and bureaucrats including meeting and testifying at hearings.

Question 54

what is outside lobbying

Answer 54

outside lobbying is performing activities directed at the general public to raise awareness and pressure officials.

Question 55

what was the outcome of the Citizens United v Federal Election Commission case

Answer 55

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission said the government cannot ban political spending by corporations in elections