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4U BIO > 3.1/3.2/3.3 > Flashcards

3.1/3.2/3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cell

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A sequential series of chemical reactions in living cells; each reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme

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3
Q

What is the function of many metabolic pathways?

A

To break down energy-rich compounds such as glucose and convert the energy into a form that the cell can use.

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4
Q

Active Transport is a ________ process.

A

Catabolic

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The process of breaking down compounds into smaller molecules to release energy.

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6
Q

What two types is energy often classified as?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

The process of using energy to build large molecules from smaller molecules

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8
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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9
Q

What is an example of potential energy transforming into kinetic energy?

A

A boulder perched on a hilltop has potential energy.

As it starts to roll downhill, some of its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

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10
Q

What does much of the work in living cells involve?

A

The transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy.

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11
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The kinetic energy of particles moving in random directions.

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12
Q

An increase in the kinetic energy of particles of an object increases the ________________ of the object.

A

Temperature

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13
Q

Heat

A

The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another due to a temperature difference between the objects.

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14
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Potential energy stored in the arrangement of the bonds in a compound.

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15
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion

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16
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored Energy

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17
Q

Bond Energy

A

Energy required to break (or form) a chemical bond.

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18
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one type into another and transferred from one object to another.

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19
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

During any process, the universe tends toward disorder.

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20
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder.

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21
Q

Enthalpy

A

The amount of heat in a system.

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23
Q

Endergonic

A

Chemical reaction that requires energy which causes an increase in free energy (change in G is positive)

  • not spontaneous
  • energy of products is more than the energy of reactants
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24
Q

Exergonic

A

Chemical reaction that releases energy which causes a decrease in free energy (change in G is negative)

  • spontaneous
  • energy of products is less than energy of reactants
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25
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The science that studies the transfer and transformation of thermal energy (heat)

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26
When a chemical bond forms _________ is released.
Energy
27
The amount of energy needed to break a bond is equal to...
The amount of energy released when the bond is formed.
28
What do the laws of thermodynamics apply to?
A System and its Surroundings
29
System
Whatever object of objects are being studied.
30
Surroundings
Everything in the universe outside of the system.
31
Open System
A system and its surroundings that can exchange matter and energy with each other.
32
Energy Transformations Proceed Spontaneously to...
Convert matter from a more ordered less stable condition to a less ordered, more stable condition.
33
What type of system does the the second law of thermodynamics apply to?
Closed Systems
34
___________ reduces disorder;____________ increases it.
Chemical bonding; heat
35
Forms of Kinetic Energy
- Thermal - Mechanical - Electromagnetic - Electrical
36
Thermal Energy
The random motion of particles.
37
Mechanical Energy
The coordinated motion of particles.
38
Electromagnetic Energy
The motion of light.
39
Electrical Energy
The motion of charged particles.
40
Types of Potential Energy
- Gravitational Energy | - Chemical Energy
41
Gravitational Energy
Attraction between two objects.
42
Chemical Energy
Attraction of electrons to protons in a chemical bond.
43
Potential Energy Diagram
Shows the changes in potential energy that take place during a chemical reaction.
44
Exothermic
A net amount of energy is released.
45
Endothermic
A net amount of energy is absorbed.
46
Transition State
The temporary condition in which bonds within reactants are breaking and the bonds between products are forming.
47
When is enthalpy positive?
In endothermic reactions
48
When is enthalpy negative?
In exothermic reactions.
49
In chemical reactions, entropy increases when...
- solid reactants become liquid or gaseous - liquid reactants become gaseous products - fewer moles of reactant molecules rom a greater number of moles in product molecules - complex molecules react to form simpler molecules - solutes move from and area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
50
The universe favours an __________ in entropy!
INCREASE
51
What two factors determine if a physical or chemical change will occur spontaneously?
Entropy and Enthalpy
52
Are Exothermic Reactions Favored or Not?
Favored
53
Are Endothermic Reactions Favored or Not?
Not Favored
54
Is an Increase in Entropy Favored?
Favored
55
Is a Decrease in Entropy Favored or Not?
Not Favored
56
The Spontaneity of an Exothermic Reaction with an Increase in Entropy
Spontaneous At All Temperatures
57
The Spontaneity of an Exothermic Reaction with a Decrease in Entropy
Not Spontaneous at High Temperatures; Spontaneous at Low Temperatures
58
The Spontaneity of an Endothermic Reaction with an Increase in Entropy
Not Spontaneous at Low Temperatures; Spontaneous at High Temperatures
59
The Spontaneity of an Endothermic Reaction with a Decrease in Entropy
Not Spontaneous at All Temperatures; These changes proceed only with a net input of energy.
60
Example of How the Second Law of Thermodynamics is Both Violated But Obeyed
Living organisms create order out of chaos in a local area of the universe at the expense of creating a greater amount of disorder in the universe as a whole . For example, photosynthesis creates order on Earth at the expense of greater disorder on the Sun.
61
ATP
- adenosine triphosphate - energy currency of the cell - purine nitrogenous base adenine attached to a 5 carbon sugar ribose plus 3 phosphate groups
62
Hydrolysis of ATP
- the terminal phosphate is broken off | - 31 kJ/mol of free enrgy is released
63
Phosphorylation
The process of attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule.
64
Coupled Reaction
The energy released by an exothermic reaction drives the endothermic reaction.
65
Uses of ATP
- chemical work: eg. synthesis of macro-molecules making up the cell - mechanical work: eg. muscle contractions, cilia movement, chromosomes movement - transport work: active transport
66
ATP Advantages
1) Energy-rich molecules found in all cells 2) recycled, on-going process (some energy is used to make more ATP) 3) ATP breakdown is coupled with endothermic reactions in such a way that energy loss is minimized
67
Electron Carriers
Compounds that pick up electrons from energy-rich compounds and then donate them to low-energy compounds.
68
NAD+ and NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | -NAD+ is oxidized form and NADH is reduced form
69
FAD and FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide - FAD is oxidized form - FADH2 is reduced form
70
Aerobic Respiration
Catabolic Pathways That Require Oxygen
71
Equation for Aerobic Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP
72
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
ATP Formation From Transferring a Phosphate Group to ADP
73
Glycolysis
Metabolic Pathway That Breaks Glucose Down to Pyruvate
74
Net Reaction for Glycolysis
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi ---> 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
75
Cellular Respiration
Catabolic Pathways That Break Down Energy-Rich Compounds to Produce ATP
76
Oxidative Phosphorylation
A process that couples the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain with the synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP
77
Electron Transport Chain
A series of electron carriers and protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept and donate electrons in a sequential series resulting in oxidative phosphorylation.
78
Chemiosmosis
A process that uses energy in a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
79
Free Energy
Energy from a chemical reaction that is available for doing work.
80
Some organisms that live in oxygen free environments must use different electron acceptors. What are these?
Sulfate, Nitrate, Carbon Dioxide
81
Anaerobic Respiration
A metabolic pathway in which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor during the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.
82
How does E.Coli get its energy?
- when oxygen is available they carry out aerobic respiration - when oxygen is not available but nitrate is, they synthesize nitrate reductase which can accept electrons from the ETC and pass them to nitrate
83
Nitrate as The Final Electron Acceptor (equation)
NO3- (aq) + 2e- + 2H+ ----> NO2- (aq) + H20 (l)
84
Equation for Methanogens Metabolic Pathway
4 H2 (aq) + CO2 (aq) --->CH4 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
85
What happens during intense exercise?
Oxygen cannot be delivered to muscle cells rapidly enough to supply the energy needs of the cells.
86
What happens to the NADH when there is not enough oxygen available?
The NADH cannot be reoxidized by the ETC
87
Fermentation
A cellular respiration pathway that transfers electrons from NADH to an organic acceptor molecule.
88
Two Common Pathways of Fermentation
Lactate and Ethanol Fermentation
89
What organisms carry out lactate fermentation?
- some single-celled organisms | - some animal muscle cells that are temporarily without oxygen
90
What happens in lactate fermentation?
- pyruvate generated by glycolysis reacts with NADH to reoxidize it to NAD+ - pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid) - the reoxidized NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue
91
Oxygen Debt
The amount of oxygen required to eliminate the lactate.
92
Facultative Anaerobes
Organisms that can function both aerobically and anaerobically
93
What happens when facultative anaerobes function anaerobically?
-they convert pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide through ethanol fermentation
94
What is released during ethanol fermentation but not during lactate fermentation?
Carbon Dioxide

4U BIO (11 decks)

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