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4U BIO > 1.1/1.2 > Flashcards

1.1/1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

An unstable isotope that decays over time by emitting radiation

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3
Q

Molecule

A

A substance composed of two or more non-metal atoms that are covalently bonded together

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4
Q

Organic Molecule

A

A carbon-containing molecule in which carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other and to hydrogen

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the activity and the properties of biologically important molecules

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6
Q

Intramolecular

A

Occurring between atoms within a molecule

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7
Q

Intermolecular

A

Occurring between atoms of different molecules

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak association between an atom with partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with partial positive charge

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-fearing, referring to non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interaction with water molecules

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving, referring to polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules

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11
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge

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12
Q

Functional Group

A

An atom or group of atoms attached to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical and physical properties

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13
Q

6 Elements of Life

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phophorus

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14
Q

Which elements have a high electronegativity?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine

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15
Q

Which elements have a low electronegativity?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus

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16
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

An unequal sharing of electrons between elements that results in partial charges being formed

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17
Q

What happens when oil and water are mixed?

A

The oil will clump together because it is non-polar and cannot interact with the polar water molecules. It is hydrophobic.

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18
Q

Which molecules tend to be hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules

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19
Q

Which molecules tend to be hydrophilic?

A

Polar Molecules

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20
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

The natural clumping together of non-polar molecules in water.

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21
Q

What is the importance of H+ ions?

A

Critical for many biological processes including cellular respiration.

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22
Q

What is the importance of Na+ ions?

A

They are part of transport mechanisms that enable specific molecules to enter cells.

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23
Q

What is special about the covalent bonds between H and C?

A

They are ‘energy-rich’ and therefore release a large amount of energy when bonds are broken.

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24
Q

What atoms do functional groups tend to contain?

A

Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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25
Q

What does the functional group give to the molecule that it is bonded to?

A

The same chemical properties that the functional group has.

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26
Q

Hydroxyl

A

Structural Formula: OH-
Properties: Polar
Found In: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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27
Q

Carbonyl

A

Structural Formula: C=O
Properties: Polar
Found In: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
when the carbonyl is on a terminal carbon it is called aldehyde and when it is on any carbon not at the end of a chain it is called a ketone

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28
Q

Carboxyl

A

Structural Formula: OH-C=O
Properties: Polar, Acidic (proton donator)
Found In: Lipids, Proteins

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29
Q

Amino

A

Structural Formula: NH2
Properties: Polar, Basic (proton acceptor)
Found In: Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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30
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

Structural Formula: S-H
Properties: Slightly Polar
Found In: Proteins
as part of a side chain in an amino acid, sulfhydryls are critical in forming disulphide bridges that help proteins hold their proper shape

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31
Q

Phosphate

A

Structural Formula: PO4
Properties: Polar, Negatively Charged
Found In: Nucleic Acids

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32
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Shows the number of each type of atom in an element or compound

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33
Q

Structural Formula

A

Shows how the different atoms of a molecule are bonded together using single and double bonds

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34
Q

Macromolecules

A

A large, complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together

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35
Q

Polymers

A

A large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers) that are linked together by covalent bonds

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36
Q

Monomer

A

The smallest repeating unit of a polymer

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37
Q

Four Main Biological Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

38
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A biological macromolecules that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

39
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A carbohydrate that has between 3 and 7 carbon atoms

40
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose (blood sugar), Fructose (fruit sugar), Galactose (sugar in milk)

41
Q

Isomer

A

One of two or more molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different structural arrangements

42
Q

Examples of Isomers

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

43
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

44
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

The covalent bond between monosaccharides which forms between specific hydroxyl groups on each monosaccharide

45
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose), Lactose (Galactose + Glucose), Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

46
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms

47
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A

Starch (Amylose), Glycogen, Cellulose

48
Q

Difference between Amylose (starch) and Cellulose

A

In amylose all the units are oriented in the same direction but with cellulose they alternate direction

49
Q

What two positions exist for the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 of glucose?

A

Alpha: H on top and OH on bottom (HOH), results in starch
Beta: OH on top and H on bottom (OHH), results in cellulose

50
Q

Lipid

A

A biological macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds

51
Q

Why do lipids provide more energy than carbohydrates?

A

Greater proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to oxygen than in carbohydrates.

52
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

Large amount of non-polar hydrogen and carbon bonds

53
Q

How are lipids crucial to life?

A

1) Insulate against heat loss.
2) Form Protective Cushion Around Major Organs
3) Major Component of Cell Membranes

54
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

55
Q

Ester Linkage

A

Bond between the hydroxyl group on a glycerol molecule and the carboxyl group on a fatty acid

56
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group

57
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A
  • no double bonds between carbon atoms
  • animal fats
  • solid at room temperature
58
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A
  • has one or more double bonds between carbons meaning there is less hydrogen and molecule has a kink
  • plant fat
  • liquid at room temperature
  • one double bond (monounsaturated), two or more double bonds (polyunsaturated)
59
Q

Cis and Trans At Double Bonds in Triglycerides

A

Cis: Hydrogens are on the same side at a double bond
Trans: hydrogens are on opposite sides

60
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group.
Main components of cell membranes.

61
Q

Describe the interaction between the head and tail of a phospholipid.

A
  • the head contains the polar phosphate group so it is hydrophilic
  • the tail contains the non-polar hydrocarbons of the fatty acids and it is hydrophobic
  • therefore the hydrophobic tails are directed to the inside where they interact with other tails and the hydrophilic heads face outward toward the aqueous environment
62
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

A structure with hydrophilic “heads” of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic “tails” directed toward the centre, interacting with each other.

63
Q

Steroid

A

A lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings.

64
Q

Wax

A

Lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature.

65
Q

Protein

A

A biological macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.

66
Q

Different Functions of Proteins (6)

A

1) Catalyzing Chemical Reactions: Enzymes
2) Providing Structural Support; Collagen, Keratin
3) Transporting Substances in Body: Hemoglobin
4) Enabling Organisms to Move: Actin and Myosin
5) Regulating Cellular Processes: Hormones
6) Providing Defence From Disease: Antibodies

67
Q

Amino Acid

A

An organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group

68
Q

Where do the properties of an amino acid result from considering their underlying structure is the same?

A

The R group (Radical Group) or Side Chain that is different for all 20 amino acids.

69
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

Covalent Bonds Between Amino Acids That Form Between the Carboxyl Group on One and the Amino Group on Another

70
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by covalent bonds

71
Q

Four levels of structure/organization for proteins

A

1) Primary Structure
2) Secondary Structure
3) Tertiary
4) Quaternary

72
Q

Primary Structure Of Proteins

A

Linear sequence of amino acids with polar peptide bonds making hydrogen bonding possible

73
Q

Secondary Structure of a Protein

A

Hydrogen bonding where a polypeptide can form a coil like shape…

1) Alpha Helix: Folded fan-like shape, pig’s tail
2) Beta Pleated Sheet: Accordion shape

74
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A
  • Folding of secondary structure as the peptide bonds and the different R groups in a polypeptide chain interact with each other and the aqueous environment of the cell .
  • Hydrophobic effect: Polar hydrophilic groups will be directed toward the aqueous environment, while non-polar hydrophobic groups will tend to be directed toward the interior
75
Q

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

A

Joining of Separate Chains

76
Q

Denaturation

A

The unfolding of proteins

77
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Biological macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers

78
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose

79
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose

80
Q

Nucleotide

A

An organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

81
Q

Makeup of DNA

A
  • deoxyribose sugar (5 carbons)
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base: guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine
  • two strands twisted to form double helix
82
Q

Makeup of RNA

A
  • ribose sugar (5 carbons)
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil
  • single-stranded
83
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

Covalent bond between adjacent nucleotide occurring between phosphate group on one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide

84
Q

Structural Isomer

A

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

85
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Isomers with the same arrangement of atoms but with a different orientation in space

86
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  • provide energy

- cellulose provides structural support in plants

87
Q

Function of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA: stores genetic info of an organism
RNA: participates in protein synthesis

88
Q

What solution is used to test for carbohydrates?

A

Benedict’s Reagent (Blue, Light Green, Green to Yellow, Orange, Red to Red-Brown)

89
Q

What solution is used to test for starch?

A

Lugol’s Solution (iodine will turn blue-black)

90
Q

What is used to test for lipids?

A

Translucent Lipid Test (Paper bag that becomes translucent when dry)

91
Q

What solution is used to test for proteins?

A

Biuret Reagent (Blue, Pink (+), Violet (++), Purple(+++))

4U BIO (11 decks)

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