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Question 1

2 means of using precision grid lines to provide accurate reference on a satellite image

Answer 1

• Lines depicting geographical and geopolitical boundaries
• lines of lat and long
• -usually to within 4km of actual position
• -POES is less accurate because of fast relative motion.

Question 2

examples of of geography affects satellite imagery

Answer 2

• Sloping terrain-orographic lift
• land/water interface - sea breazes, air mass modification
• Valley effects- valley fog, inversions, snow on ground

Question 3

5 characteristics of cloud pattern recognition on SAT imagery

Answer 3

• Size
• Shape
• Shadow
• Texture
• Tone

Question 4

Ways to ‘proof’, or integrate data

Answer 4

• surface reports
• -pilot reports
• RADAR
• Upper air soundings
• surface and upper air analysis

Question 5

Shadow length determination

-VIS or NIR only

Answer 5

-Solar elevation
-Height separation between layers
Small sepration will cast narrow shadows
large separation will cast pronounces shadows

Question 6

2 factors of texture on VIS

Answer 6

• Shape of cloud structure

- Degree of lighting

Question 7

3 factors of tone (brightness)

Answer 7

• Height of sun
• Sensor reviewing anglr
• Albedo of surface

Question 8

Factors that affect the tone of grey on any SAT image

Answer 8

• Cloud composition
• Thickness of cloud
• Resolution of sensor
• Enhancement of curve

Question 9

High cloud on SAT

Answer 9

• Size - mesoscale to synoptic, dependent on extent of physical processes
• shape - defined by generating physical processes
• –often elongated streaks
• –ill defined, whispy, fibrous
• shadow, may cast moderate shadow on lower layers
• Texture/tone - VIS fibrous, whispy, thin white.
  - IR minimal texture
  - grey to white. dependent on thickness

Question 10

AC/AS on SAT

Answer 10

Size-larger than mesoscale, dependent on physical processes

• Shape - edges well defined
  - mountains may induce gravity wave patterns
• Shadow- may cast shadow on lower deck
• texture and tones - VIS, AS smooth, no texture, grey to white. -AC minimal texture
  - IR little texture, grey to white ~temp

Question 11

Low Level Cloud on SAT, ST FG

Answer 11

-Size- generally a local phenomena
-Shape- defined by terrain,sharp edges associated with topo features
-Shadow -Cast NO shadow
-Texture and Tone - smooth, little or no texture,VIS may show whisps over water, IR will not distinguish different surfaces of like temp, inversions appear dark
-

Question 12

Low Level Cloud on SAT, SC

Answer 12

-Size- mesoscale or larger
-Shape - Defined by physical process, terrain and topo can influence shape, edges not sharp
-Shadow- little to none
-Texture and tone - VIS - fairly smooth, lumpiness depends on stability, roughness and underlying surfaces and boundary conditions, white to grey.
IR - usually smooth, minimal texture, grey.

Question 13

Low Level Cloud on SAT, CU, TCU

Answer 13

-Size - individual clouds are mesoscale or less
Shape - circular shapes that can be organized into lines or streaks, sharp edges. influenced by processes and terrain.
-Shadow -May cast shadow on lower decks, depending on vertical extent
-Texture and tone- VIS - very lumpy globular, bright white
- IR - moderate texture

Question 14

Low Level Cloud on SAT, CB

Answer 14

-Size individual clouds are mesoscale
-Shape -circular, sharp except anvil top,blown downstream if upper winds are significant, edges are sharp
-Shadow - May cast strong shadow on lower decks
-Texture and tone -VIS -very lumpy, globular, bright white.
IR - Strong texture, bright white

Question 15

Areas of stability on SAT

Answer 15

• Smooth texture
• uniform, extensive coverage
• uniform temps
• ST,SC,AS,AC,CI,CS

Question 16

Areas of instability on SAT

Answer 16

• Brighter responses
• Globular, anvils
• Strong contours (enhanced IR)
• CU TCU,CB, ACC

Question 17

Pattern recognition

Answer 17

-Comma looking returns are occluding systems

Question 18

Techniques to recognize the centre of a low on SAT

Answer 18

• Pattern recognition
• Dynamic support deduction,-usually found under the strongest positive vorticity advection
• ground truthing with surface obs
• Warm front will be on the southern part of the CS or continuous middle cloud

Question 19

Techniques to recognize the jetstream Axis

Answer 19

• CI baroclinic leafs from to the south of an anticyclonic jet.
• Maximum wind axis coincides with the dry air intrusion
• In the absence of high cloud, separates various low clouds
• combo of any or all of above

Question 20

Areas of turbulence on SAT

Answer 20

-Strong surface wind - SC, CU. BL
-Convection -CU,TCU,CB ACC
-Stationary waves- rotor clouds, acsl, band clouds,
-Windshear - Transverse cloud banding, CI leafsm commas.
Deformation zones - band and comma cloud

Question 21

Appearance of deformation zone is controlled by

Answer 21

• relative atmospheric flow
• strength of convergence
• the available moisture

Question 22

On VIS 3 factors that lower reflectivity

Answer 22

-Sun angle falls below 45 degrees
-aging snow cover will have lower albedo
rain o snow will have a lower albedo

Question 23

Black Stratus

Answer 23

-Strong inversion will show stratus as darker than the underlying ground

Question 24

Sun Glint

Answer 24

-GOES - s of 23.5 N only
POES- ~on relative position of satellite and sun, may appear as a band
-Smooth surface - concentrated and very white
-rough surface - large, diffuse, not as white

Question 25

2 requirements for Streamers

Answer 25

• A large body of water
• A source of cold air moving over that body of water
• –temp differential of 13c
• –fetch equal to or greater than 150 km
• –Wind shear of 30 degrees or less below 10000 ft

Question 26

Orographic cloud on SAT

Answer 26

Size- mesoscale
-Shape- parallel bands uniformly spaced
-Shadow - not prominent
-Texture/tone - VIS - banded, grey, white
IR -a little texture in band, grey to whire

Question 27

Hurricanes on SAT

Answer 27

-Size - Synoptic
-Shape - Spiral bands
-Shadow - on the leading edge with isolated cells
tone/texture - spiral texture, white.