3033 Exam 3 General Review Flashcards
What does diabetes affect? (in general)
Carbohydrates, protein, fat metabolism and storage
T/F: Diabetes is a chronic disease.
True
What is insulin?
A hormone produced by the beta cells in the pancreas. It promotes glucose transport from the blood to the cells where the glucose is used for energy.
What is IDDM?
Type 1 diabetes. “Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.”
Type 1 diabetes: Juvenile or adult onset?
Juvenile
Type 1 diabetes: Abrupt or gradual onset?
Abrupt
Which is more common? Type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
Type 2
T/F: Insulin is not produced in a body with type 2 diabetes.
False
Who is primarily affected by gestational diabetes?
Pregnant women
Function of sulfonylureas (glipizide) (Glucotrol)?
Stimulate release of insulin from pancreas. Enhances cellular sensitivity to insulin.
Function of biguanide (metformin) (Glucophage)?
Decrease rate of hepatic glucose production.
Hypoglycemia: Rapid or gradual onset?
Rapid (1-3 hours)
What is unique symptom of hypoglycemia?
Cool, clammy skin
What does hypoglycemia “need”?
Increase in blood sugar
What is diabetic keto-acidosis?
Extreme hyperglycemia
What symptom is unique to hyperglycemia?
Hot, dry skin
What is the onset time frame of hyperglycemia?
4-10 hours
What does hyperglycemia “need”?
Hydration, insulin, electrolyte replacement
Define Somogyi effect.
Rebound effect in which an overdose of insulin induces hypoglycemia. “Drop in glucose levels in the early morning hours due to excessive administration of insulin.”
What term encompasses self esteem, personal identity, role performance and body image?
Self-concept
Define self-esteem.
The need to feel good about oneself and believe others hold one in high regard. “How an individual evaluates himself. How much respect one has for himself.”
Define personal identity.
An individual’s conscious sense of who he or she is. “Accounts for the uniqueness of us as an individual.”
Define role performance.
Ability to successfully execute societal as well as our own expectations regarding role-specific behaviors.
Define body image.
The subjective view a person has about his or her physical appearance. “Perception of one’s own body. The physical element.”
Define self-actualization.
The need to reach one’s potential through full development of one’s unique capability.
Define self-concept.
The mental image or picture of self.
Define self-knowledge.
The composite of facts, qualities, images and feelings one holds about oneself.
What was Coopersmith’s theory?
It is possible to increase self-esteem by attaining success in any of the four areas: significance, competence, virtue, power.
Define significance.
Worthiness and acceptance; a person learns to value self by being valued by the attention and affection of others.
Define competence.
Mastery, successful performance or achievement marked by high levels of performance.
Define virtue.
Moral worth. Adherence to moral and ethical standards.
Define power.
The ability to influence and control others.
What developmental stage does power first appear?
Toddlerhood.
Define a prescribed role.
Roles that are given to us, such as our age, sex or position in the family (mother, father). These are assumed and cannot be controlled.
Define an achieved role.
An earned role that can be controlled. E.g. receiving a degree, becoming a nurse.
Define a transitional role.
A role in between two other roles. Moving toward an achieved role.
Define role ambiguity.
Does not clearly understand expected behaviors.
Define role failure.
The absence of appropriate role or ineffective performance of role behavior.
Define role conflict.
Two roles that conflict, in terms of values or expectations of the role. E.g. Need to be at work at 2 today, but also need to be at son’s soccer game.
Define role strain.
Feel unable or inadequate to accomplish the task in the role. You have several roles, and you are struggling to keep them up.
Define learned helplessness.
Further actions would be useless due to previous attempts.
What is one physiological change you will see in a person on steroids? (In terms of diabetes) what will a person on steroids likely require?
High blood pressure. Insulin therapy.
What is intensive insulin therapy?
The basal-bolus regimen, which uses rapid-/short-acting insulin before meals and intermediate-/long-acting background insulin once or twice a day. The goal is to achieve a near-normal glucose level of 80 to 120 mg/dL before meals.
Function of glyburide (macronase) (diabeta)?
A sulfonylurea that decreases insulin production and release from the pancreas.
Define culture conflict.
When people become aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others to make themselves feel more secure about their own values.
Define culture.
Learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and behaviors.
Define ethnicity.
Qualities that reflect the characteristics a group may share in some combination. The affiliation of a set of persons who share a unique cultural, social and linguistic heritage.
Define health disparities.
Gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
Define ethnocentrism.
The belief that one’s own ethnic beliefs, customs, values and attitudes are correct and thus superior.
Define stereotyping.
The assumption that an attribute present in some members of a group is present in all members of a group.
Define assimilation.
The integration of one cultural group into the dominant culture.
Define acculturation.
Degree in which an individual from one culture has given up the traits of that culture and adopted traits of the dominant culture in which one resides.
