Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Highway and Railroad Engineering > 3.0 Highway Design Data > Flashcards

3.0 Highway Design Data Flashcards

1
Q

topography might not dictate location much, but it can still create challenges for certain design aspects like _________________.

A

drainage and managing different grades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

concerned with gathering of pertinent data for more effective highway planning, design, construction and operation.

A

HIGHWAY LOCATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Various stages of engineering surveys:

A
  • Map study / Office Projection (provisional alignment identification)
  • Reconnaissance survey
  • Preliminary survey
  • Utility Service Records
  • Final Location Survey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • If the topographic map of that area is available, alternative routes can be recommended in the office.
  • NAMRIA - National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
  • The probable alignment can be located on the map from the following details available on the map
  • Avoiding valleys, ponds, or lake
  • Avoiding bend of river
  • If road has to cross a row of hills, possibility of crossing through mountain pass
  • Map study gives a rough guidance of the routes to be further surveyed in the field.
A

MAP STUDY / OFFICE PROJECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NAMRIA -

A

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______________ are explored to find the most cost-effective alignment without requiring extensive surveys.

A

Multiple route options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___________ approach to identify the optimal route considering factors like alignment, grades, sight distances, and compensation.

A

trial and error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Constraints such as ______, ______, and _________ are taken into account during this process.

A

curves, slopes, and ensuring good visibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • To confirm features indicated on the map.
  • To examine the general character of the area in the field for deciding the most feasible routes for detailed studies.
  • A survey party may inspect the proposed alternative routes of the map in the field with very simple instruments like an Abney level, tangent clinometer, barometer, etc.
  • To collect additional details from alternative routes during this survey:
    • Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, hills, permanent structures, and other obstructions
    • Value of gradient, length of gradient, and radius of curve.
A

RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Details to be collected from alternative routes during this survey are

A
  • Number and type of cross drainage structures
  • High flood level (HFL)
  • Soil characteristics
  • Geological features
  • Source of construction materials (stone quarries, water sources, etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The location of a highway when crossing a stream is important for several reasons.

A

Proposed Sites for Stream Crossings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

survey party carries out surveys using the required field equipment, taking measurement, collecting topographical and other data and carrying out soil survey.

A

Conventional approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

by aerial survey taking the required aerial photographs for obtaining the necessary topographic and other maps including details of soil and geology.

A

Modern rapid approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • _____________ involves circular curves, transition curves, and tangents.
  • It aims to ensure safe and uninterrupted travel at a consistent speed for extended road segments.
  • Design considerations include safety, functional classification, desired speed, topography, vertical alignment, construction cost, cultural development, and aesthetics.
  • Properly balancing these factors results in an alignment that is both safe and cost-effective, while also harmonizing with the land’s natural contour.
A

Horizontal alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a circular curve is an arc with a single constant radius connecting two tangents. The most common type of curve used in a horizontal alignment.

A

Simple Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

composed of two or more adjoining circular arcs of different radii. The centers of the arcs of the compound curves are located on the same side of the alignment.

A

Compound Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the combination of a short length of tangent between two circular curves.

A

Broken-Back Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

consists of two adjoining circular arcs with the arc centers located on opposite sides of the alignment.

A

Reverse Curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • ___________ comprises gradients connected by vertical curves.
  • Design controls involve safety, topography, functional classification, design speed, horizontal alignment, construction cost, cultural development, drainage, vehicular characteristics, and aesthetics.
  • “_____________,” “profile grade,” and “grade line” are interchangeable terms.
A

Vertical alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

three common terrain classifications

A
  • level or flat
  • Rolling
  • mountainous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • Utilities required for a project depend on its location and could involve:
    1. Sanitary sewers
    2. Water supply lines
    3. Oil, gas, and petroleum pipelines
    4. Overhead and underground power and communication lines, including fiber optic cables
    5. Cable television lines
    6. Wireless communication towers
    7. Drainage and irrigation lines
    8. Special tunnels for building connections
A

UTILITY SERVICE RECORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Consulting utility service providers and obtaining records for all services in a project area, including their precise locations and depths, brings benefits to both highway agencies and utilities:

A
  • Avoidance of unnecessary utility relocations
  • Reduction of unexpected conflicts with utilities
  • Enhancement of safety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The alignment finalized at the design office after the preliminary survey is to be first located on the field by establishing the center line.

A

FINAL LOCATION SURVEY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Transferring the alignment onto the ground.
  • This is done by transit theodolite.
  • Major and minor control points are established on the ground, and center pegs are driven, checking the geometric design requirements.
  • Center line stacks are driven at suitable intervals, such as 50 m in plain and rolling terrains, and 20 m in hilly terrain.
A

LOCATION SURVEY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Temporary bench marks are fixed at intervals of about 250 m and at all drainage and underpass structures.
  • Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to be worked out from the level books.
  • Cross-sectional levels are taken at intervals of 50-100 m in plain terrain, 50-75 m in rolling terrain, 50 m in built-up areas, and 20 m in hilly terrain.
  • A detailed soil survey is to be carried out.
  • CBR value of the soils along the alignment may be determined for the design of pavement.
  • The data collected during the detailed survey should be elaborate and complete for preparing detailed plans, designs, and estimates of the project.
A

DETAILED SURVEY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

should show the proposed and existing roads, and important places to be connected. The size of the plan in general should not exceed 22 x 20 cm. Scale of the map is chosen suitably according to the length of road/highway.

A

Key map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

should show the general topography of the area or site. Details are represented using symbols. Index map should also be of suitable scale with size 32 x 20 cm.

A

Index map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are plans showing details of various alternate alignments and all information collected should be drawn to a suitable scale of 10 cm = 1 km to 25 cm = 1 km.

A

Preliminary survey plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Shows the ground plan with alignment and the boundaries. It shows contours at intervals of 1 to 2 meters in plain terrain and 3 to 6 meters in hilly terrain, showing all details including existing structures. Scale of 1/2400 or 1/1200 is suitable for detailed plans. Size of drawing may be 60 x 42 cm approximately.

A

Detailed plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

should be drawn to the same horizontal scale of the ground as in detailed plan. Vertical scale may be enlarged 10 times of the longitudinal scale. The longitudinal section should show details such as datum line, existing ground surface, and vertical profile of the proposed road and position of drainage crossings.

A

Longitudinal sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

are generally drawn to natural scale of 1 cm = 2.0 to 2.5 meter. It should be drawn every 100 meter or where there are abrupt changes in level. In hill roads, the cross-section should be drawn at closer intervals. The cross-section drawing should extend at least up to the proposed right of way. The cross-section number, the reduced distances, and the area of filling or cutting (or both) should be shown on cross-section drawing.

A

Detailed cross-section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

are usually prepared from the survey drawings for land acquisition details. These plans show all general details such as buildings, wells, nature of gradients, and other details required for assessing the values. The scale may be 1 cm = 40 meters or less.

A

Land acquisition plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

are usually drawn to scale of 1 cm = 1 meter. For details of any complicated portion of the structure, enlarged scales up to 8 cm = 1 meter or up to half full size may be employed. However, the size of drawing should not exceed the standard size. Cross-section of streams should be to a scale of not less than 1 cm = 10 meters.

A

Drawings of cross-drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

should be prepared showing all details of pavement, shoulders, islands, etc. to proper scale.

A

Drawing of road intersections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where quarries for construction materials are to be acquired for new projects, separate land plans should be prepared. The size of these maps and scales may be similar to those proposed under land acquisition.

A

Land plans showing quarries

36
Q
  • The Geotechnical Engineer’s focus is on confirming potential GeoHazards and collecting design information for road construction or enhancement.
  • Detailed analysis of soil types along the road is vital to determine the appropriate investigation methods and equipment.
  • Investigations must adhere to ASTM or AASHTO standards.
  • Soil classification is conducted following the AASHTO system.
A

SOIL INVESTIGATIONS

37
Q
  • ___________ involves examining the area beneath the subgrade level.
  • Exploration depth along the road alignment depends on geological knowledge, soil surveys, prior investigations, and road configuration.
  • In regions with simple conditions of light cut and fill, exploration should reach a minimum depth of 1.5 meters below the planned subgrade.
  • In cases of deep cuts, substantial embankments over marshland, or indications of weak layers in the subsurface, exploration depth varies.
  • Determination of depth takes into account existing topography and the characteristics of the subsoil.
A

Subsurface investigation

38
Q
  • ___________ examines the soil surface under the pavement.
  • On existing roads, auger borings and test pits are conducted at suitable intervals along the road’s centerline.
  • Boring locations alternate between the center and edge of the pavement.
  • Bore profiles are logged to determine pavement thickness, material condition, and subgrade soil type.
  • Subgrade material samples are taken for on-site soil classification.
  • Test pits are placed at intervals along the road, covering different subgrade soil types.
A

Subgrade investigation

39
Q
  • _____________ involves using the same method as described in Subsurface Investigation.
  • Auger boring and classification of in-situ materials into groups are conducted.
  • Representative test pits are taken, and in-situ and laboratory testing is done.
  • Boring and test pit locations are usually beneath the shoulder in the widening area.
  • Subgrade samples are taken below the level of the existing pavement.
  • Pavement widening needs a design depth at least as thick as the existing pavement.
A

WIDENING OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS

40
Q
  • Pits and boreholes must be logged properly using the standard sheet from DGCS Volume 2C.
  • Log details should include layer thickness, color, type, and visual description of each layer (e.g., asphalt, gravel, clay-loam, brown, yellow), depth below the surface, and water levels if present.
  • For auger holes, take small samples of subgrade for on-site soil classification following AASHTO T 88 or T 27.
  • In test pits, take small and large samples, and perform an in-situ density test as per AASHTO T 191.
A

SAMPLING AND TESTING: IN-SITU

41
Q

If there is road widening in both outer lanes, the designation of the lane numbers will change.

A

General Rule

42
Q

Assessment of segments designated as between consecutive kilometer posts of homogeneous surface types, but should not exceed __________.

A

1300 meters.

43
Q

If the distance between two consecutive kilometer posts exceeds 1300 meters of homogeneous surface type,

A

adopt the 1000-meter rating segment and the remaining length should be considered another segment.

44
Q

Segments of asphalt and concrete with a length less than ________ are considered not assessable, except for _________, which are assessed regardless of length.

A

50 meters

gravel/earth

45
Q

Segments with less than 50 meters in length that have the same surface type before or after a kilometer post could be _______ to the adjacent segment.

A

added

46
Q

________ Within the carriageway are considered not assessable segments and should be segmented in their entirety (regardless of length).

A

Committed or ongoing projects

47
Q

________, Regardless of length, are considered not assessable segments (should always be cut). The limit for the length of a bridge is measured at the back of the backwall of both abutments.

A

Bridges

48
Q

If there are ________ on a road that is already established in the RBIA, adopt the chainage in the RBIA.

A

missing LRPs

49
Q

If the road does not have any existing LRPs in the field, adopt___________ (for homogeneous surface type).

A

a 1000-meter rating interval

50
Q

Rating segments with the same number of lanes but varying carriageway widths.

A

Combine both segment and adopt the carriageway width predominant length

51
Q

Unaffected lanes of ongoing projects should be

A

assessed

52
Q

__________ are measured and positioned at the start of paved segments (asphalt and concrete) only.

A

Gauging lengths

53
Q

The location of the gauging lengths should _______________, unless there is a valid reason to move the location of gauging lengths.

A

remain the same as in the previous year

54
Q
  • Defined as a longitudinal depression that forms in the wheel paths of a road under traffic loading.
  • Measurements are taken in both wheel paths of two lanes at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 meters from the start of the gauging length.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321983200/figure/fig1/AS:574178327789568@1513906189940/Rutting-distress-3-The-use-of-reinforcement-in-flexible-pavement-In-order-to-optimize.png

A

RUTTING

55
Q
  • Defined as fretting along the edge of the pavement.
  • Assessed over the total length of the segment.
  • Edge break less than 20 mm wide is not rated.

https://assets.isu.pub/document-structure/211004050248-826c06719d30eca0394a2d193c842450/v1/ee86b0db6ae0a26cea1cf288128a82c1.jpeg?width=720&quality=85%2C50

A

EDGE BREAK

56
Q

The severity of edge break is rated in three categories:

A
  • Slight (S) – 20 to 74 mm
    • Moderate (M) – 75 to 200 mm
    • Large (L) – greater than 200 mm
57
Q
  • Defined as a successfully executed permanent repair with a surface condition similar to the surrounding pavement.
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.
  • Defective patches are not rated as patches, but the defects within the patch are rated under the applicable defects (e.g., cracks, potholes/base failure).
  • The length of patches is recorded per width category.

https://media.istockphoto.com/id/513296062/photo/asphalt-tarmac-patch-concrete-ground-repair-pavement-road-parking-lot.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=t2xJsbREjsmPuwlspzlYVfySTP3M8RWCGZMXQjlNmQ4=

A

PATCHES

58
Q
  • Defined as holes of various shapes and sizes in the pavement surface reaching the base course/unbound layer.
  • For rating purposes, severe cracking with base failure/settlement/depression shall also be considered as potholes.
  • ______________ are recorded as the number of potholes equivalent to 0.25 m² per pothole. The total area of potholes for the first 100 meters is multiplied by 4 to get the number of potholes.
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.

https://www.pavementinteractive.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/Kailua_pothole.jpg

A

POTHOLES/BASE FAILURE

59
Q
  • Defined as loss of the wearing course layer. These failures can be caused by surface delamination or mechanical damage.
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.
  • ___________ are recorded as the number of surface failures equivalent to 0.25 m² per surface failure. The total area of surface failures is multiplied by 4 to get the number of surface failures.
A

Surface failures

60
Q

________ is the loss or disintegration of stones, typically occurring in the wheel path.

https://www.roadbotics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_20170804_184605-768x1024.jpg

A

Raveling

61
Q

________ is the occurrence of excessive bitumen on the surface of the pavement.

https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f55941a9fd4ca174a691593/07579bbb-c7c2-4820-8945-58159cee5901/infrastructure+mag+bleeding.jpg

A

Bleeding/flushing

62
Q
  • Minor (M) = Surface still relatively smooth with only some loss of fine aggregate, or in the case of bleeding, there are some signs of excess binder.
  • Severe (S) = Surface rough or pitted with both fine and coarse aggregate lost, or in the case of bleeding, the surface is covered with excess binder and skid resistance is poor.
A

WEARING SURFACE SEVERITY

63
Q
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.
  • Rated according to the type of cracking, i.e., longitudinal, crocodile, or transverse crackings.
    • Severity:
      • Wide Cracks (>3 mm)
      • Narrow Cracks (≤3 mm)
  • Cracks that have been sealed are still rated as cracks and adopt narrow severity.
  • Reflection cracks are still considered as cracks.
A

PAVEMENT CRACKING

64
Q

Cracks running parallel along the centerline of the pavement.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hassan-Khawaja/publication/326056680/figure/fig7/AS:651834771382293@1532420928996/Longitudinal-cracks-in-the-asphalt-pavement.png

A

Longitudinal Cracks

65
Q

Cracks consisting of interconnected cracks forming small polygons resembling a crocodile hide.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mukhtar-Abukhettala/publication/323980305/figure/fig1/AS:607506502008832@1521852245101/Severe-crocodile-cracks.png

A

Crocodile Cracks

66
Q

Cracks running transversely across the pavement.

https://www.sidenote.news/content/images/2021/08/8334-Transverse-copy-sm.jpg

A

Transverse Cracks

67
Q
  • Defined as the difference in the levels of abutting concrete slabs.
  • Assessed within the first 10 transverse joints.
  • Ten transverse joints are measured in each wheel path.
  • The measurements are taken using a 1.2 m straightedge and a measuring wedge. The straightedge is placed on the 10 mm feet, and the appropriate scale on the wedge is used.
  • In the case of continuously reinforced concrete, which has no joints, the faulting should be rated as 0.

https://www.nortexconcretelift.com/sites/default/files/styles/page_image_desktop/public/images/1-%20Road%20Dip%20-%20Before%20%28Project%201%29_1.jpg?itok=9YjJ5GOW

A

FAULTING (TRANSVERSE JOINTS)

68
Q
  • Defined as the mark left of chipped-off concrete at joints.
  • Assessed over the first 10 slabs.
  • The transverse joint at the start of the slab and the adjacent longitudinal joint are rated.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5VNxA927B4ipIZJqJ1enGVMSD6o4wGFK39Q&s

A

SPALLING (JOINTS)

69
Q

In the case of a Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), which has no joints, the spalling value is equal to ____.

A

0

70
Q
  • Defined as an elastic joint sealant in joints.
  • Assessed within the first 10 slabs.
  • Ten joints, both transverse and longitudinal, are inspected for the length of deterioration of the sealant.
  • The length of deterioration is recorded in meters.

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSztB5eg_7HRJ6tFl02c8WHqXsNUPk-ptHle3_E__PY_FRHoMHjNufEtb4GjXpvQinPEFM&usqp=CAU

A

JOINT SEALANT DETERIORATION

71
Q

In the case of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), which has no joints, the joint sealant deterioration should be rated as ___.

A

0

72
Q
  • Shattered slabs are defined as slabs that are severely cracked and need to be re-blocked.
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.
  • Slabs are normally considered shattered if they are damaged to an extent where they need to be re-blocked. Slabs may have only one severe crack but with base failure and/or settlement/displacement are considered shattered slabs.
  • The number of shattered slabs within the carriageway area is recorded.
  • In the case of continuously reinforced concrete pavement where there are no transverse joints, assume the 4.5 m slab length as one shattered slab.

https://previews.123rf.com/images/kukota/kukota1912/kukota191200482/135612223-broken-concrete-slab-road-the-terrible-state-of-the-road.jpg

A

SHATTERED SLAB

73
Q
  • Defined as the disintegration or loss of concrete from the surface of the pavement (scaling, polishing, and temperature cracks).
    • Severity:
      • Minor: Surface still relatively smooth.
      • Severe: Significant surface damage.
  • Polishing occurs when the surface mortar and texturing are worn away to expose coarse aggregate. For severity, use only Minor (surface still relatively smooth).
  • Temperature cracks (series of cracks that extend only into the upper surface of the slab) are not considered as cracks but can be considered as wearing surface defects.
  • Assessed over the total area of the segment.
  • The length of wearing surface defects is rated per slab width.

https://idea.appliedpavement.com/hosting/colorado/pavement-inspection/pci-review/distresses-pcc/pcc-scaling-high.jpg

A

WEARING SURFACE DEFECTS

74
Q
A

PAVEMENT CRACKING

75
Q
  • ____________ are either gravel or earth roads.
  • Gravel roads have been surfaced with imported gravel.
  • Earth roads might have been formed using in-situ material.
  • There is no gauging length in gravel roads.
A

Unsealed roads

76
Q
  • Refers to the thickness of the imported gravel layer.
  • Earth roads have no imported gravel and therefore are rated as 0 mm.
  • Occasional test holes might be required to be dug to determine the gravel thickness.
A

Gravel Thickness

77
Q

Condition score of Gravel Thickness

A

1-Depthofgravel>99mm
2-Depthofgravel50mm-99mm
3-Depthofgravel25mm-49mm
4-Depthofgravel0mm-24mm

78
Q
  • The Material Quality of the imported material or exposed sub-grade is rated for Gravel roads.
  • The in-situ Material Quality is rated for Earth Roads.
  • Local knowledge of the roads must be used. If surveyors know the road is problematic after rains, then this must be considered when rating the condition.
A

Material Quality

79
Q

Material Quality Condition Score:

A

1 – Good Material Quality

2 – Fair Material Quality

3– Poor Material Quality

4 – Bad Material Quality

80
Q
  • _________ is determined by the height of the center of the road above the edge of the road.
  • This determines the ability of the road to shed water from its surface.
A

Crown Shape

81
Q

Crown Shape Condition Score:

A

1 – Good Material Quality

2 – Fair Material Quality

3– Poor Material Quality

4 – Bad Material Quality

82
Q
  • _____________ is determined by the height of the side of the road above the side drains or adjacent ground level.
  • This determines the ability of the roadside drainage to remove water away from the side of the road.
  • Includes side drains, turnout drains, or side slopes.
A

Roadside Drainage

83
Q

Road edge well above side drains/ground level

A

well defined side drains or sufficient side slopes to drain water.

84
Q

Road edge level with side drains/ground level

A

ineffective side drains, water can cross the road in many places.

85
Q

Road edge slightly below side drains/ground level

A

no side drains or totally blocked side drains, some ponding of water.

86
Q

Road edge well below side drains/ground level

A

road serving as a drain to surrounding areas.

87
Q
  • A shoulder is deemed sealed if the seal width (asphalt or concrete) extends more than 0.5 meters beyond the edgeline.
  • Only the sealed area within the first 2.0 meters width is rated. Shoulders are generally constructed up to a maximum of 2 meters width; beyond 2 meters is classified as parking.
  • Defects (potholes, unsuccessfully patched, deformed, faulty, or stripped) within the sealed shoulder are not rated under the individual items.
A

Sealed Shoulders

Highway and Railroad Engineering (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions