3.0 Hardware Flashcards
1
Q
The importance of cable
* Fundamental to network communication
– Incredibly important f___
* Usually only get one good opportunity at
building your cabling infrastructure - Make it good!
* The vast majority of wireless communication uses cables
– It has to plug in somewhere
A
– Incredibly important foundation
*
– It has to plug in somewhere
2
Q
Twisted pair copper cabling
* Balanced pair operation
– Two wires with ____ and opposite signals
– Transmit+, T____ - / Receive+, T___ -
* The twist is the secret!
– Keeps a single wire constantly ___
away from the interference
– The opposite signals are ___ on the other end
* Pairs in the same cable have different twist rates
A
– Two wires with equal and opposite signals
– Transmit+, Transmit- / Receive+, Receive-
*
– Keeps a single wire constantly moving
away from the interference
– The opposite signals are compared on the other end
3
Q
A
4
Q
Coaxial cables
* Two or more forms share a common axis
* RG-6 used in television/digital cable
– And ___ -speed Internet over cable
A
– And high-speed Internet over cable
5
Q
Plenum-rated cable
* Traditional cable jacket - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
* Fire-rated cable jacket
– Fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) or
low-smoke polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
* Plenum-rated cable may not be as flexible
– May not have the same ___ radius
* Worst-case planning
– Important c___ for any structure
A
– Fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) or
low-smoke polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
*
– May not have the same bend radius
*
– Important concerns for any structure
6
Q
Unshielded and shielded cable
* UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
– No ___ shielding
– The most common twisted pair c____
* STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
– Additional shielding protects against i____
– Shield each pair and/or the o___ cable
– Requires the cable to be grounded
* Abbreviations
– U = Unshielded
– S = b___ shielding
– F = f__ shielding
* (Overall cable) / (individual pairs)TP
– Braided shielding around the entire cable and
foil around the pairs is S/_TP
– Foil around the cable and no shielding around
the pairs is F/_TP
A
– No additional shielding
– The most common twisted pair cabling
*
– Additional shielding protects against interference
– Shield each pair and/or the overall cable
– Requires the cable to be grounded
*
– U = Unshielded
– S = Braided shielding
– F = Foil shielding
*
– Braided shielding around the entire cable and
foil around the pairs is S/FTP
– Foil around the cable and no shielding around
the pairs is F/UTP
7
Q
Direct burial STP
* Overhead cable isn’t always a good option
– Put the cable in the ___
* Provides protection from the elements
– Designed to be w___
– Often filled with ___ to repel water
– Conduit may not be ___
* Shielded twisted pair
– Provides grounding, adds s___
– Protects against signal ___
A
-
*
– Designed to be waterproof
– Often filled with gel to repel water
– Conduit may not be needed
*
– Provides grounding, adds strength
– Protects against signal interference
8
Q
A
9
Q
Optical fiber communication
* Transmission by light
– The v___ spectrum
* No RF s___
– Very difficult to monitor or tap
* Signal slow to degrade
– Transmission over ___ distances
* Immune to radio interference - There’s no RF
A
– The visible spectrum
*
– Very difficult to monitor or tap
*
– Transmission over long distances
10
Q
Multimode fiber
* Short-range communication
– Up to ___ km
* Relatively inexpensive light source
– i.e., L__
A
– Up to 2 km
*
– i.e., LED
11
Q
Single-mode fiber
* Long-range communication
– Up to 1___ km without processing
* Expensive light source
– Commonly uses l__
A
– Up to 100 km without processing
*
– Commonly uses lasers
12
Q
A
13
Q
Structured cabling standards
* International ISO/IEC 11801 cabling standards
– Defines c___ of networking standards
* Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
– s___ , market analysis, trade shows,
government affairs, etc.
– ANSI/TIA-568: Commercial Building
Telecommunications Cabling Standard
– http://www.tiaonline.org
* Commonly referenced for pin and pair assignments of
eight-conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted pair cabling
– T568_ and T568_
A
– Defines classes of networking standards
*
– Standards, market analysis, trade shows,
government affairs, etc.
– ANSI/TIA-568: Commercial Building
Telecommunications Cabling Standard
*
– T568A and T568B
14
Q
T568A and T568B termination
* Pin assignments from T568-B standard
– Eight conductor 1___ -ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling
* T568A and T568B are different pin assignments for
8P8C connectors
– Assigns the T568_ pin-out to horizontal cabling
* Many organizations traditionally use 568B
– Difficult to change in mid-___
* You can’t terminate one side of the cable with
568A and the other with 568B
– This has never been the definition of a
Gigabit Ethernet c____cable
A
– Eight conductor 100-ohm balanced twisted-pair cabling
*
– Assigns the T568A pin-out to horizontal cabling
*
– Difficult to change in mid-stream
*
– This has never been the definition of a
Gigabit Ethernet crossover cable
15
Q
A
16
Q
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
* Simplify connections - Printers, storage devices,
keyboard, mouse
* USB 1.1
– Low speed: 1._ megabits per second, 3 meters
– Full speed: 1_ megabits per second, 5 meters
* USB 2.0 - 480 megabits per second, 5 meters
* USB 3.0 - SuperSpeed
– _ gigabits per second, ~3 meters
– Standard does not specify a cable ___
A
– Low speed: 1.5 megabits per second, 3 meters
– Full speed: 12 megabits per second, 5 meters
*
– 5 gigabits per second, ~3 meters
– Standard does not specify a cable length
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
USB versions and naming
* There’s a lot to keep track of
– The names keep ___
* The standard doesn’t change
– Just the ___
A
– The names keep changing
*
– Just the names
20
Q
USB 3.1
* Released July 2013
– Doubled the throughput over USB ___.0
* USB 3.0 is USB 3.1 Gen 1
– SuperSpeed USB - ___ Gbit/sec
* USB 3.1 is USB 3.1 Gen 2 - SuperSpeed+
– Twice the rate of USB 3./USB 3. Gen 1
A
– Doubled the throughput over USB 3.0
*
– SuperSpeed USB - 5 Gbit/sec
*
– Twice the rate of USB 3.0/USB 3.1 Gen 1
21
Q
USB 3.2
* USB 3.2
– Released September 2017
– Bandwidth can ___with USB-C cables
– Uses an extra “__” of communication
associated with the flip-flop wires in USB-C
* USB 3.0 -> 3.1 Gen 1 -> USB 3.2 Gen 1
– SuperSpeed USB _ Gbps (single lane)
* USB 3.1 -> 3.1 Gen 2 -> USB 3.2 Gen 2
– SuperSpeed USB 1_ Gbps (single lane
A
– Released September 2017
– Bandwidth can double with USB-C cables
– Uses an extra “lane” of communication
*
– SuperSpeed USB 5 Gbps (single lane)
*
– SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps (single lane
22
Q
Thunderbolt
* High-speed serial connector
– Data and ___ on the same cable
– Based on ___ DisplayPort (MDP) standard
* Thunderbolt v1
– ___ channels
– 1_ Gbit/s per channel, 2_ Gbit/s total throughput
– Mini D___ connector
* Thunderbolt v2
– 2__ Gbit/s aggregated channels
– Mini D__ connector
* Thunderbolt v3
– 4_ Gbit/s aggregated throughput
- USB-__ connector
* Maximum 3 meters (copper)
– 6_ meters (optical)
– Daisy-chain up to _ devices
A
– Data and power on the same cable
– Based on Mini DisplayPort (MDP) standard
*
– Two channels
– 10 Gbit/s per channel, 20 Gbit/s total throughput
– Mini DisplayPort connector
*
– 20 Gbit/s aggregated channels
– Mini DisplayPort connector
*
– 40 Gbit/s aggregated throughput
- USB-C connector
*
– 60 meters (optical)
– Daisy-chain up to 6 devices
23
Q
Serial console cables
* D-subminiature or D-sub
– The letter refers to the c____ size
* Commonly used for RS-232
– Recommended S___ 232
– An industry standard since 1969
* Serial communications standard
– Built for ____ communication
– Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
* Now used as a configuration port
A
– The letter refers to the connector size
*
– Recommended Standard 232
– An industry standard since 1969
*
– Built for modem communication
– Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
24
Q
A
25
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
* DB-15 connector
– More accurately called D_-15
* Blue color
– PC System Design Guide
* Analog signal
– No d___
– Image degrades after _ to 10 meters
– More accurately called DE-15
*
– PC System Design Guide
*
– No digital
– Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters
26
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
* Video and audio stream
– All digital, no a__
– ~ 2_ meter distance before losing too much signal
* 19-pin (Type A) connector
– P___ connector
– All digital, no analog
– ~ 20 meter distance before losing too much signal
*
– Proprietary connector
27
DisplayPort
* Digital information sent in packetized form
– Like E___ and PCI Express
– Carries both a__ and v___
* Compatible with HDMI and DVI
– Passive a___
– DisplayPort -> H__
– DisplayPort -> D___
– Like Ethernet and PCI Express
– Carries both audio and video
*
– Passive adapter
– DisplayPort -> HDMI
– DisplayPort -> DVI
28
DVI (Digital Visual Interface)
* Single and dual link
– Single link; 3.___ Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps)
– Dual link; 7.__ Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps)
– No a___ support
* DVI-A
– A___ signals
* DVI-D
– D___ signals
* DVI-I
– I__
– D__ and a___ in the same connector
– Single link; 3.7 Gbps (HDTV at 60 fps)
– Dual link; 7.4 Gbps (HDTV at 85 fps)
– No audio support
*
– Analog signals
*
– Digital signals
*
– Integrated
– Digital and analog in the same connector
29
30
31
SATA (Serial AT Attachment)
* SATA Revision 1.0 - SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, 1 meter
* SATA Revision 2.0 - SATA 3.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter
* SATA Revision 3.0 - SATA 6.0 Gbit/s, 1 meter
* SATA Revision 3.2 - SATA 16 Gbit/s, 1 meter
* eSATA (external SATA)
– Matches the SATA version - ___ meters
– Matches the SATA version - 2 meters
32
SATA
* One power cable and data cable per device
– One-to-__
– One-to-one
33
eSATA cable
* External device connections
– Uses the ___ standard
* Similar in size to SATA
– Connectors are physically different
– Uses the SATA standard
*
– Connectors are physically different
34
35
36
37
The SCSI standard
* Small Computer Systems Interface
– Not really “___” any longer
* Originally designed to string many peripherals
together onto a single cable/controller
– Up to 1__ devices in a SCSI “chain”
* Many different formats
– F__SCSI, U___SCSI, Ultra Wide SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI,
– Ultra3 SCSI, Ultra-320 SCSI, Ultra-640 SCSI,
– iSCSI (SCSI over ___)
* Parallel and serial options
– Not really “small” any longer
*
– Up to 16 devices in a SCSI “chain”
*
– Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra Wide SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI,
– Ultra3 SCSI, Ultra-320 SCSI, Ultra-640 SCSI,
– iSCSI (SCSI over IP)
38
SCSI advantages
* Not just for hard drives
– Scanners, tape drives, CD-ROM drives
* Many devices on a single bus
– ___ on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
* Very intelligent interface functionality
– Much of the difficult configuration work is done
between the S____ devices
* Industry longevity
– Well supported in the e___
– A standard drive for v___ systems
– Scanners, tape drives, CD-ROM drives
*
– 8 on narrow bus, 16 on wide bus
*
– Much of the difficult configuration work is done
between the SCSI devices
*
– Well supported in the enterprise
– A standard drive for virtual systems
39
SCSI ID and logical unit (LUN)
* Every SCSI device on a single bus is
assigned a separate ID number
– SCSI ID 0 (SCSI c___), ID 2 (__drive), ID 3 (CD-__)
* Logical units (LUNs) are defined within each SCSI ID
– Separate drives in a ___array or ___machine
* The signal at the “end” of a physical SCSI bus is terminated
– Can be i___ to the device or a
s__termination device
* Serial attached SCSI (SAS) devices have no
jumpers, terminators, or settings.
– SCSI ID 0 (SCSI controller), ID 2 (hard drive), ID 3 (CD-ROM)
*
– Separate drives in a storage array or virtual machine
*
– Can be internal to the device or a
separate termination device
40
Serial attached SCSI
* Move from parallel to serial
– Increased throughput
– Similar to the move from P__ to S___
* Point-to-point connection
– No more ___ chains
* No termination required
– The bus has ___ devices on it
* The control and management of SCSI
– The speed of a serial ___
– Increased throughput
– Similar to the move from PATA to SATA
*
– No more daisy chains
*
– The bus has two devices on it
*
– The speed of a serial connection
41
42
43
44
45
46
The PATA Standard
* Parallel AT Attachment
– Remember the PC/AT?
* An evolutionary process
*Circa 1999
* Originally called Integrated
Drive Electronics (IDE)
– A Western Digital invention
– 2nd generation called EIDE (E___ IDE)
* The evolution
– Promised ___ speeds
– From 1_ MB/s through 13_ MB/s
– Additional devices
* Now called Parallel ATA (PATA)
– A Western Digital invention
– 2nd generation called EIDE (Enhanced IDE)
*
– Promised faster speeds
– From 16 MB/s through 133 MB/s
– Additional devices
47
What?
PATA data cable
48
What?
SATA data cable
49
What?
Motherboard PATA connector
50
Adapters and converters
* The best laid plans…
– Need an a___
* Convert between different connectors
– Electrically c___
* Convert from one format to another
– You need E____ but you only have USB
* A good temporary fix
– Or a good p__one
– Need an adapter
*
– Electrically compatible
*
– You need Ethernet but you only have USB
*
– Or a good permanent one
51
DVI to HDMI
* DVI-D and HDMI are electrically compatible
– HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-_
– No signal ___required
– No loss of video ___
– HDMI is backward-compatible with DVI-D
– No signal conversion required
– No loss of video quality
52
DVI to VGA
* DVI-A includes analog signals
– Backward compatible with V__
– Only 6___ x 4__is officially supported
* May only need an adapter - Analog to analog
* VGA to DVI digital will need a converter
– Check your interface s___
– Backward compatible with VGA
– Only 640 x 480 is officially supported
*
– Check your interface specifications
53
USB to Ethernet
* Some laptops don’t have an Ethernet connection
54
USB-C to USB-A
* Merge the new with the old- Use your older peripherals
55
USB hub
– Connect many d___
- High speed USB c___
- Connect many devices
- High speed USB connectivity
56
What are these?
A.
B.
C.
A. DVI-A
B.VGA
C.USB to ethernet adapter
57
RJ11 connector
* 6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C)
– Some cables will wire additional c___
– Telephone or D___ connection
– Some cables will wire additional conductors
– Telephone or DSL connection
58
RJ45 connector
* Registered Jack type 45
* 8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)
– M___ connector
- E___
-Modular connector
-Ethernet
59
F-connector
* Cable television
– Cable m___
– DOCSIS
(Data ___)
* RG-6 cable - Threaded connector
– Cable modem
– DOCSIS
(Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification)
60
Punchdown block
* Wire-to-wire patch panel
– No ___ interface required
* Wires are “punched” into the block
– Connecting block is on ___
* Additional wires punched into connecting block
– Patch the top to the __
– No intermediate interface required
*
– Connecting block is on top
*
– Patch the top to the bottom
61
What is this?
110 block
62
What connectors?
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.
(Choices: RJ45, RJ11,BNC connector , DB-9 / RS-232 Connector, ,F-connector, Power supply connectors,eSATA and SATA connectors, ,Molex connector)
63
USB-C
* 24-pin double-sided USB connector
– Used for both h__and d__
* Used for USB, Thunderbolt
– Interface is the same, signal can v__
– Used for both hosts and devices
*
– Interface is the same, signal can vary
64
Molex connector
* 4-pin peripheral power connector
– Molex C__ Company
– A__ MATE-N-LOK
– Provides +1_ V and +_ V
* Power for many devices in the computer case
– Storage devices
– Optical drives
– Fans
– Other peripherals
Molex Connector Company
– AMP MATE-N-LOK
– Provides +12 V and +5 V
*
– Storage devices
– Optical drives
– Fans
– Other peripherals
65
Lightning
* Apple proprietary
– _-pin digital signals
– iPhone, iPad, iPod devices
* Some advantages over Micro-USB
– ___power output for phones and tablets
– Can be inserted __ way
– 8-pin digital signals
– iPhone, iPad, iPod devices
*
– Higher power output for phones and tablets
– Can be inserted either way
66
DB-9
* D-subminiature or D-sub
– The letter refers to the connector ___
* Commonly used for RS-232
– Recommended S___ 232
– An industry standard since 1969
* Serial communications standard
– Built for m___ communication
– Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
* Now used as a configuration port
– Management or C___ port
– The letter refers to the connector size
*
– Recommended Standard 232
– An industry standard since 1969
*
– Built for modem communication
– Used for modems, printers, mice, networking
*
– Management or Console port
67
What are the connector names of these?
A. B. C.
SC - Subscriber Connector, LC - Local Connector,ST - Straight Tip
A. - Local Connector
B.Straight Tip Connector
C.Subscriber Connector
68
What is memory?
* Random Access Memory (RAM)is the most common
– But it’s not the __ kind of memory
* RAM is not referring to hard drive or SSD storage
– Don’t ___ the two terms
– Data is stored ___ on the drive
* Data and programs can only be used when moved to RAM
– But it’s not the only kind of memory
*
– Don’t mix the two terms
– Data is stored permanently on the drive
69
RAM (Random Access Memory) slots
* Memory types have changed through the years
– Driven by standardization and technology
* One of the most important components of your computer
– Speed, speed, speed
* Every motherboard is different
– Check your documentation
– Driven by standardization and technology
*
– s_, s_, s_
*
– Check your ___
70
DIMM
* DIMM - Dual inline memory module
– Electrical contacts are ____ on each side
* 64 bit data width
– Electrical contacts are different on each side
71
SO-DIMM
* Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module
– About half the width as a D____
* Used in laptops and mobile devices
– About half the width as a DIMM
72
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
* The memory on the DIMM
* Dynamic
– Needs constant r___
– Without r__, the data in memory disappears
* Random access
– Any storage location can be accessed ___
– Unlike ___ tape
– Needs constant refreshing
– Without refreshing, the data in memory disappears
*
– Any storage location can be accessed directly
– Unlike magnetic tape
73
SDRAM
* Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
* SDRAM is synchronous with the common system clock
– Queue up one process while ___ for another
– Classic DRAM didn’t wait for a __ signal
– Queue up one process while waiting for another
– Classic DRAM didn’t wait for a clock signal
74
Double Data Rate 3 (DDR3) SDRAM
* Twice the data rate of DDR2
– Larger ___ capacities
- Maximum 1_ GB per DIMM
* No backwards compatibility
– Speed brings sacrifice
– Larger chip capacities
- Maximum 16 GB per DIMM
*
– Speed brings sacrifice
75
Double Data Rate 4 (DDR4) SDRAM
* Speed increases over DDR3
– Faster _____
– Maximum 6__ GB per DIMM
* Again, no backwards compatibility
– Faster frequencies
– Maximum 64 GB per DIMM
76
Double Data Rate 5 (DDR5) SDRAM
* Faster data transfers between the memory module and
motherboard
– Maximum of 6__ GB per DIMM
* The key has moved
- No __ compatibility
– Maximum of 64 GB per DIMM
*
- No backwards compatibility
77
What kind of memory?
A. B.
SO-DIMM, DIMM
A.DIMM B.SO-DIMM
78
Which one is which?
A. B.
DDR, SDR
A. SDR B. DDR
79
Virtual memory
* Different names
- Virtual R___, swap file, etc.
* Swap currently unused application data to storage
– Free up space for other a___
* Managed automatically by the operating system
– Some c___ settings are available
- Virtual RAM, swap file, etc.
*
– Free up space for other applications
*
– Some configuration settings are available
80
Multi-channel memory
* Dual-channel, triple-channel, or quad-channel
* Memory combinations should match
– Exact ___ are best
* Memory module slots are often colored differently
– Exact matches are best
81
Memory that checks itself
* Used on critical computer systems
– V_ servers, d__ servers, any server
* Parity memory
– Adds an additional parity ___
– Won’t always __ an error
– Can’t ___ an error
* Error Correcting Code (ECC)
– Detects errors and corrects on the __
– Not all systems use ___
– It looks the same as non-___ memory
– VM servers, database servers, any server
*
– Adds an additional parity bit
– Won’t always detect an error
– Can’t correct an error
*
– Detects errors and corrects on the fly
– Not all systems use ECC
– It looks the same as non-ECC memory
82
Hard disk drives (HDD)
* Non-volatile magnetic storage - rapidly rotating platters
* Random-access
– Retrieve data from any ___ of the drive at any ___
* Moving parts
– Spinning ___, moving a___ arm
– Mechanical components limit the a___ speed
– Mechanical components can also b___
– Retrieve data from any part of the drive at any time
*
– Spinning platters, moving actuator arm
– Mechanical components limit the access speed
– Mechanical components can also break
83
Solid-state drives (SSD)
* Non-volatile memory
- No ___ parts
* Very fast performance
- No ___ drive delays
- No moving parts
*
- No spinning drive delays
84
mSATA (Mini-SATA)
* Shrink the SATA drive into smaller devices
– Same data, different ___ factor
– Great for laptops and ___ devices
* Smaller than 2.5” SATA drives
– No __ drive
– Allows for different __ factors
* Was used briefly - Quickly replaced by the m.2
– Same data, different form factor
– Great for laptops and mobile devices
*
– No spinning drive
– Allows for different form factors
85
AHCI vs. NVMe
* SATA was designed for hard drives
– Uses AHCI (Advanced ____ to
move drive data to RAM
– SATA revision 3 throughput up to 6___ MB/s
– SSDs need a faster ___ method
* NVMe (Non-volatile Memory Express)
– Designed for S___ speeds
– Lower l___ , supports higher throughputs
– Take advantage of NVMe with an M._ interface
– Uses AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface) to
move drive data to RAM
– SATA revision 3 throughput up to 600 MB/s
– SSDs need a faster communication method
*
– Designed for SSD speeds
– Lower latency, supports higher throughputs
– Take advantage of NVMe with an M.2 interface
86
M.2 interface
* Smaller form factor - No SATA data or power cables
* Can use a PCI Express bus connection
– _ GB/second throughput or faster
when using NVMe PCIe x4
* Different connector types
– Needs to be compatible with the slot key/s__
– B key, M key, or _ and _ key
– Some M._ drives will support both
– 4 GB/second throughput or faster
when using NVMe PCIe x4
*
– Needs to be compatible with the slot key/spacer
– B key, M key, or B and M key
– Some M.2 drives will support both
87
B-key and M-key
* M.2 doesn’t guarantee N___
– Your M.2 interface may be using A___
– Check your __
* Your motherboard may only support
one type of M.2 key
– Check the ___ again
– Your M.2 interface may be using AHCI
– Check your documentation
*
– Check the documentation again
88
Flash drives
* Flash memory
– EEPROM (Electrically e___ pr____
read-only memory)
– Non-volatile memory - No ___ required to retain data
* Limited number of writes
– Can still ___ the data
* Not designed for archival storage
– Easy to lose or damage
- Always have a ___
– Flash ___
– EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable
read-only memory)
– Non-volatile memory - No power required to retain data
*
– Can still read the data
*
– Easy to lose or damage - Always have a backup
- Always have a backup
– Flash memory
89
Optical drives
* Small ___ read with a ___ beam
– Microscopic binary storage
* Relatively slow
– A___ media
* Many different formats - CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-ray
* Internal and external drives
– For those ___ application installations
– Microscopic binary storage
*
– Archival media
*
– For those uncommon application installations
90
Which memory is which?
A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
Secure Digital(SD), eMMC, microSD, CompactFlash(CF), USB Flash Drive, xD-Picture Card,
A.USB Flash Drive B.CompactFlash(CF) C.Secure Digital(SD) D.miniSDE.microSD F. xD-Picture CardG.eMMC
91
Data redundancy
* Hard drives store huge amounts of important data
* Hard drives are moving components
– They will eventually ___
* What happens to the data when the drive fails?
– You can prepare for that; Use an ___of drives
* RAID is not backup
– They will eventually break
*
– You can prepare for that; Use an array of drives
92
RAID
* Redundant Array of Independent Disks
– They’re also ___ disks.
* Different RAID levels - Some redundant, some not
* RAID 0 – Striping
* RAID 1 - Mirroring
* RAID 5 – Striping with Parity
* Nested RAID - RAID 1+0 (a.k.a. RAID 10) - A stripe of mirrors
– They’re also inexpensive disks.
93
RAID 0 - Striping
* File blocks are split between
two or more physical drives
– ___ performance
– Data written ___
* No redundancy
– A drive ___ breaks the array
– Raid _ is zero redundancy
– High performance
– Data written quickly
*
– A drive failure breaks the array
– Raid 0 is zero redundancy
94
RAID 1 - Mirroring
* File blocks are duplicated between
two or more physical drives
* High disk utilization
– Every file is ____
– Required disk space is ___
* High redundancy
– Drive failure does not affect data __
– Every file is duplicated
– Required disk space is doubled
*
– Drive failure does not affect data availability
95
RAID 5 - Striping with parity
* File blocks are striped
– Along with a p___ block
– Requires at least ___ disks
* Efficient use of disk space
– Files aren’t duplicated, but space
is still used for p___
* High redundancy
– Drive is available after a ___
– p___ calculation may affect
performance
– Along with a parity block
– Requires at least three disks
*
– Files aren’t duplicated, but space
is still used for parity
*
– Drive is available after a failure
– Parity calculation may affect
performance
96
RAID 1+0 - A stripe of mirrors
* The speed of striping, the
redundancy of mirrors
* Need at least 4 drives
97
Motherboard form factors
* Physical size - Case sizing
* Basic layout - Room for small changes
* Power - Standard connectors
* Airflow - Increasingly important
* Wikipedia: There are 40 different motherboard
types categorized!
98
What you need to know
* CompTIA exam objectives:
– “3.4 - Given a scenario, install and configure
motherboards, central processing units (CPUs),
and add-on cards.”
* Focus on which motherboard would be
the best choice for a scenario
– Memorizing the dimensions of the motherboard
probably isn’t the most important thing
– ATX or ITX
* Which motherboard would you choose?
– Media c__, ___ editing, ___ client, etc.
– Media center, video editing, thin client, etc.
99
ATX form factor
* Advanced Technology Extended
* Standardized by Intel in 1995
– Seen many updates over the years
* Power
– 2_ pin connector
– 2_ pin connector, additional _/8 pin connector
– Seen many updates over the years
*
– 20 pin connector
– 24 pin connector, additional 4/8 pin connector
100
ITX form factor
* A series of low-power motherboards
– Developed by VIA Technologies in 2001
– ___ form factor
* Mini-ITX is screw-compatible with ATX
– Fits almost any e___
* Small form factor uses
– ___-purpose computing, i.e., ____media
– Developed by VIA Technologies in 2001
– Small form factor
*
– Fits almost any enclosure
*
– Single-purpose computing, i.e., streaming media
101
A computer bus
* Communication path - A city of technology
* Internal PC growth - Independent pathways
* System expansion - Additional capabilities
102
Conventional PCI
* Peripheral Component Interconnect
-Whats's PCI stand for?
– Created in 1994
* Many expansion options
– 3_-bit and 6_-bit bus width
– P___communication
* A common expansion interface on previous
computer generations
– PCI E___ is the newer technology
- Peripheral Component Interconnect
*
– 32-bit and 64-bit bus width
– Parallel communication
*
– PCI Express is the newer technology
103
PCI Express
* Also known as PCIe - Replaces the older PCI standard
* Communicates serially - Unidirectional serial “lanes”
– Slower devices don’t slow down _____
* One, two, four, eight, sixteen, or thirty-two full-duplex lanes
– x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32
– “x” is pronounced “___” (“by 4,” “by 16”)
– Slower devices don’t slow down everyone
*
– x1, x2, x4, x8, x16, x32
– “x” is pronounced “by” (“by 4,” “by 16”)
104
105
24-pin motherboard power
* Main motherboard power
– Provides +3.___ V, +/-5 V, and +/- 1___ V
* 20 pin connector was the original ATX standard
– 2__ pin was added for PCI Express power
* You can connect a 24-pin connector to a 20-pin
motherboard
– Some cables are 20-pin + _-pin
– Provides +3.3 V, +/-5 V, and +/- 12 V
*
– 24 pin was added for PCI Express power
*
– Some cables are 20-pin + 4-pin
106
4-pin ATX
* 4-pin ATX +12 V power
– ATX12V Advanced Technology E____ motherboards
* Additional 12 volt power for older motherboards
– Used primarily for C___
* May be labeled ATX12V, P4, or CPU
– And keyed for the appropriate c____
– ATX12V Advanced Technology Extended motherboards
*
– Used primarily for CPU
*
– And keyed for the appropriate connector
107
Headers
* A pin header
– A simple electrical i___
– The connector is attached to the h___
* Many different uses
– Power, peripheral connections, lights, and buttons
– A simple electrical interface
– The connector is attached to the header
*
– Power, peripheral connections, lights, and buttons
108
Intel and AMD
* Two solid CPU manufacturers
– The differences are ____
* Cost
– AMD tends to be a bit less ____
* Different sockets
– The motherboard is designed for a particular ___
* Choosing a side
– Historically, AMD is v__ and Intel is p___
– This is a d___ technology segment
– The differences are subtle
*
– AMD tends to be a bit less expensive
*
– The motherboard is designed for a particular CPU
*
– Historically, AMD is value and Intel is performance
– This is a dynamic technology segment
109
Server motherboards
* Multisocket
– Supports multiple physical C____ packages
– Split the l___
* Memory slots - Supports 4+ modules
* Expansion slots
– Many s___ and different sizes
* Overall size
– Designed for a rack-mounted system
– Larger A___-sized system
– Supports multiple physical CPU packages
– Split the load
*
– Many slots and different sizes
*
– Designed for a rack-mounted system
– Larger ATX-sized system
110
Desktop motherboards
* Can range from full-size motherboards to compact or
monitor-only systems
– We can do a lot with increasingly ____ systems
* Single CPU - Reduces cost and complexity
* Memory slots - Usually two or four
* Expansion slots - May have limited options
– We can do a lot with increasingly smaller systems
111
Mobile motherboards
* Laptops - Small and light
* CPUs - Limited in speed - Thermal throttling
* Limited system modification
– Memory, CPU, functionality
* Portability - Smaller devices
– Low ___ consumption
– Memory, C___, functionality
*
– Low power consumption
112
System board
* Proprietary - Built to fit
* Replacement isn’t easy
– Swap the entire ____
– Most components are on the ___ board
– Swap the entire board
– Most components are on the system board
113
BIOS - Basic Input/Output System
* The software used to start your computer
– The firmware - S____BIOS, R___ BIOS
– ROM or flash ____
* Initializes CPU and memory - Build the workspace
* POST - Power-On Self-Test
* Look for a boot loader - Start the operating system
– The firmware - System BIOS, ROM BIOS
– ROM or flash memory
114
Legacy BIOS
* The original / traditional BIOS
* It’s been around for more than 25 years
* Older operating systems talked to hardware through the BIOS
– Instead of accessing hardware ____
* Limited hardware support
– No d___ for modern network, video, and storage devices
– Instead of accessing hardware directly
*
– No drivers for modern network, video, and storage devices
115
UEFI BIOS
* Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
– Based on Intel’s ___(Extensible Firmware Interface)
* A defined standard - Implemented by the manufacturers
* Designed to replace the legacy BIOS
– Need a modern ___for modern computers
– Graphical and ___-based
– Based on Intel’s EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface)
*
– Need a modern BIOS for modern computers
– Graphical and text-based
116
The secret button(s)
* Launching the system setup
– Del, F1, F2, Ctrl-S, Ctrl-Alt-S
* Hyper-V (Windows 8/10/11)
– Turn Windows features __ and __
* VMware Workstation Player
– http://www.vmware.com/products/player/
* But not VirtualBox
– http://www.virtualbox.org
* Many simulators online
– Search for “UEFI BIOS simulator”
– Del, F1, F2, Ctrl-S, Ctrl-Alt-S
*
– Turn Windows features on and off
117
Fast startup
* Windows 8, 10, and 11
– Doesn’t actually _ _ all the way
– Starts up so quickly, you can’t open the ____
configuration
* From the Windows desktop
– Hold down shift when clicking Restart
– Settings / Update & Security / Recovery / Advanced
startup / Restart now
– System Configuration (m____)
* Interrupt normal boot three times
– Presents the ____ option screen
– Doesn’t actually shut down all the way
– Starts up so quickly, you can’t open the BIOS
configuration
*
– Hold down shift when clicking Restart
– Settings / Update & Security / Recovery / Advanced
startup / Restart now
– System Configuration (msconfig)
*
– Presents the boot option screen
118
Important tips
* Make a backup of yourBIOS configuration
– Write ___ notes
– Take a picture
* Don’t make a change unless you’re certain of the setting
– It’s difficult to leave it ____
* Did I mention the backup?
– It can save a lot of ___!
– Write detailed notes
– Take a picture
*
– It’s difficult to leave it alone
*
– It can save a lot of time!
119
Boot options
* What happens when you power on?
– The BIOS ____
* Disable hardware
– ____ to the operating system
* Modify the boot order
– Which ___ first?
– Move to the next in order
– USB drive, SSD, hard drive
– The BIOS knows
*
– Unavailable to the operating system
*
– Which boots first?
– Move to the next in order
– USB drive, SSD, hard drive
120
USB permissions
* A security challenge
– Very small ___ devices
– Very large ____
* USB connections
– Convenient
– High ____
* US Department of Defense banned
USB flash media for 15 months in 2008
– ____FDC worm
– Very small storage devices
– Very large capacities
*
– Convenient
– High speed
*
– SillyFDC worm
121
Fans
* Computing power creates heat
– A lot of ___
* Many different cooling fans
– C___ fan
– Ch___ fans
* Motherboards often include an integrated fan controller
– And temperature s____
– The motherboard increases and
decreases the fan sp___
– A lot of heat
*
– CPU fan
– Chassis fans
*
– And temperature sensors
– The motherboard increases and
decreases the fan speeds
122
Secure Boot
* Malicious software can “own” your system
– Malicious d___ or OS s___
* Secure boot
– Part of the U___ specification
* Digitally sign known-good software
– Cryptographically ____
– Software won’t run without the proper s__
* Support in many different operating systems
– Windows and Linux support
– Malicious drivers or OS software
*
– Part of the UEFI specification
*
– Cryptographically secure
– Software won’t run without the proper signature
*
– Windows and Linux support
123
UEFI BIOS Secure Boot
* UEFI BIOS protections
– BIOS includes the manufacturer’s public ___
– Digital s____ is checked during a BIOS update
– BIOS prevents unauthorized ___ to the flash
* Secure Boot verifies the bootloader
– Checks the OS bootloader’s digital s____
– B_____ must be signed with a trusted certificate
– Or a manually approved d___ signature
– BIOS includes the manufacturer’s public key
– Digital signature is checked during a BIOS update
– BIOS prevents unauthorized writes to the flash
*
– Checks the OS bootloader’s digital signature
– Bootloader must be signed with a trusted certificate
– Or a manually approved digital signature
124
Boot password management
* BIOS Password / User Password
– System won’t ____
– Need the password to ___ the operating system
* Supervisor Password
– Restrict BIOS ____
– Must use supervisor password to change
any BIOS c____
* Remember your password!
– Must reset the BIOS to ___
– Usually a j____
– System won’t start
– Need the password to start the operating system
*
– Restrict BIOS changes
– Must use supervisor password to change
any BIOS configurations
*
– Must reset the BIOS to recover
– Usually a jumper
125
Clearing a boot password
* Store the BIOS configuration - Your settings
* Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
– A type of ___
– May be backed up with a ___
* Usually flash memory these days
– Easily stored and a___
* Reset with a jumper
– Short (c____) two pins on the motherboard
– A type of memory
– May be backed up with a battery
*
– Easily stored and accessed
*
– Short (connect) two pins on the motherboard
126
The “CMOS” battery
* Not needed for today’s flash-based storage
– Maintains ___ BIOS configurations
– May only be used to maintain __/time
* A bad battery will require a BIOS configuration or
date/time configuration on every boot
* On older systems, can reset the BIOS configuration
by removing the battery
– Newer computers use a j____
– Maintains older BIOS configurations
– May only be used to maintain date/time
*
– Newer computers use a jumper
127
Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
* A specification for cryptographic functions
– Hardware to help with encryption ____
* Cryptographic processor
– Random number generator, key ___
* Persistent memory
– Comes with unique keys ___ in during production
* Versatile memory
– Storage keys, hardware configuration information
– Password protected / No dictionary attacks
– Hardware to help with encryption functions
*
– Random number generator, key generators
*
– Comes with unique keys burned in during production
*
– Storage keys, hardware configuration information
– Password protected / No dictionary attacks
128
Hardware Security Module (HSM)
* Often used in large environments (Clusters, redundant power)
* High-end cryptographic hardware
– Plug-in ____ or separate hardware device
* Key backup - Secured storage for servers
– Lightweight HSMs for personal use
(Smart card, USB, flash memory)
* Cryptographic accelerators
– Offload that CPU ___ from other devices
– Plug-in card or separate hardware device
*
– Lightweight HSMs for personal use
(Smart card, USB, flash memory)
*
– Offload that CPU overhead from other devices
129
Operating system technologies
* 32-bit vs. 64-bit - Processor specific
* 32-bit processors = 232 = 4,294,967,296 values
* 64-bit processors = 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 values
– 4 _B vs. 17 billion _B
– The OS has a maximum supported value
– 4 GB vs. 17 billion GB
– The OS has a maximum supported value
130
Operating system technologies
* Hardware drivers are specific to the OS version (32-bit / 64-bit)
– 3_-bit (x86), 6_-bit (x64)
* 32-bit OS cannot run 64-bit apps
– But __-bit OS can run __-bit apps
* Apps in a 64-bit Windows OS
– 32-bit apps: \Program Files (x___)
– 64-bit apps: \Program Files
– 32-bit (x86), 64-bit (x64)
*
– But 64-bit OS can run 32-bit apps
*
– 32-bit apps: \Program Files (x86)
– 64-bit apps: \Program Files
131
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)
* CPU architecture developed by Arm Ltd.
– They design the ___, others license and build
* Simplified instruction set
– Efficient and ___ processing
– Less p__
– Less h___
* Traditionally used for mobile and IoT devices
– The lines are constantly ___
– They design the chip, others license and build
*
– Efficient and fast processing
– Less power
– Less heat
*
– The lines are constantly blurring
132
Processor cores
* Dual-core / Quad-core / Octa-core / Multi-core
* Multiple cores
– Each core has its own c__
– The entire chip may have a shared c___
– Each core has its own cache
– The entire chip may have a shared cache
133
Multithreading
* Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT)
* One CPU, acts like two
* Doesn’t actually work as fast as two
– 15% to 30% performance ____
* Operating system must be written for HTT
– Windows XP and later (any modern ___)
– 15% to 30% performance improvement
*
– Windows XP and later (any modern OS)
134
Virtualization support
* Run other operating systems within a single
hardware platform
– Multiple operating systems share ____
hardware components
* Virtualization in software was limited
– Performance and hardware
____ challenges
* Virtualization added to the processor
– Hardware is ___ and easier to manage
– Intel V___ Technology (VT)
– AMD V____ (AMD-V)
– Multiple operating systems share physical
hardware components
*
– Performance and hardware
management challenges
*
– Hardware is faster and easier to manage
– Intel Virtualization Technology (VT)
– AMD Virtualization (AMD-V)
135
Expansion cards
* Extend the functionality of your computer
– You may need more than the ___
provides
* Relatively simple process
– Designed for end-user ____
* Install hardware - Add a card
* Install a driver - Software for the operating system
– You may need more than the motherboard
provides
*
– Designed for end-user installation
136
Sound card
* Output
– High-end a___
– Advanced h__ amp
– Home theater, Dolby decoding
* Multiple inputs
– M__ capture
– Podcasting
– Microphone
– High-end audio
– Advanced headphone amp
– Home theater, Dolby decoding
*
– Music capture
– Podcasting
– Microphone
137
Video card
* Many CPUs include an integrated GPU
– Video functionality is built into the C___ package
* Discrete graphics
– The ___ is not part of the CPU
* Separate interface card - High performance
– Video functionality is built into the CPU package
*
– The GPU is not part of the CPU
138
Capture card
* Video as an input
– Video ___ , live ___, external cameras
* High performance
– Video b___ can be quite high
– PCI ___ connection
– Video capture, live streaming, external cameras
*
– Video bandwidths can be quite high
– PCI Express connection
139
Network Interface Card (NIC)
* Ethernet connection
– Motherboard may not include a ___
– O____ NIC may not be working
* Additional connections
– Servers, r___, security devices
– Motherboard may not include a NIC
– Onboard NIC may not be working
*
– Servers, routers, security devices
140
Documentation
* Check the motherboard documentation
– Number and type of s___
* Check the adapter card documentation
– Minimum ____- Hardware, software
– Knowledge ___- Any “gotchas?”
– ____ forums - What are other people saying?
* You may need to perform a driver installation before
installing hardware
– Number and type of slots
*
– Minimum requirements - Hardware, software
– Knowledge base - Any “gotchas?”
– Support forums - What are other people saying?
141
Driver installation
* You checked the documentation first, right?
* Check the web for the latest version
* Uninstall previous drivers through Windows Device
Manager
* Manufacturer provided setup program
* Manual installation through Windows Device Manager
* Check the Device Manager for the status - Does it work?
142
Case fans
* Cool air is pulled through a personal computer
– Always check for good ___
* Motherboard layout becomes important
* Component location is key
– Devices, w___, ___
* Many different sizes and styles
– And volume ___
– Always check for good airflow
*
– Devices, wiring, power
*
– And volume levels
143
On-board fans
* Designed to cool an entire adapter card
* Can be bulky
– May take additional ____ card space
* Usually seen on high-end graphics cards
– May take additional adapter card space
144
Fan specifications
* Standard sizes
– 8__ mm, 1__ mm, 2___ mm, etc.
* Different speeds
– Variable ___
* Different noise levels
– Not all fans ___ the same
– 80 mm, 120 mm, 200 mm, etc.
*
– Variable speed
*
– Not all fans sound the same
145
Heat sink
* Dissipate heat through thermal conduction
– Co___ or a___ alloy
* Fins/grid increase surface area
– Heat is then t___ to the cooler air
* They get HOT – don’t touch them!
* Thermal paste creates a good contact between the
chip and the heat sink
– Copper or aluminum alloy
*
– Heat is then transferred to the cooler air
146
Fanless / passive cooling
* No fans, no noise - Silent operation
* Specialized functions
– v___ servers, TV set top box,
satellite r___ , media server
* Functions are very controlled
– Carefully measured ___ tests
* Low-power components - Heat sinks
– Video servers, TV set top box,
satellite receiver, media server
*
– Carefully measured thermal tests
147
Thermal paste
* Thermal grease, conductive grease
– Thermally c__ adhesive
* Place between the heat sink and the component
– Improves thermal c__
– Moves the ____away from the component
* A little bit goes a long way
– Pea-sized a___
– Thermally conductive adhesive
*
– Improves thermal conductivity
– Moves the heat away from the component
*
– Pea-sized application
148
Thermal pad
* Conduct heat without the mess - Cut to size and install
* Easy to use - Won’t leak and damage components
* Almost as effective as thermal paste
– But still very __
* Not reusable - Remove and replace
– But still very good
149
Liquid cooling
* Coolant is circulated through a computer
– Not a new ___
– Automobiles, ___ computers
* High-end systems
* Gaming, graphics
* Overclocking
– Not a new concept
– Automobiles, mainframe computers
150
WARNING
* Always disconnect from the power source when
working on a device
– Some devices store a ___ in capacitors
– Know how to d___ before touching
* Never connect your body to any part
of an electrical system
– Do not connect yourself to the
ground ___ of an electrical system
* Respect electricity
– Some devices store a charge in capacitors
– Know how to discharge before touching
*
– Do not connect yourself to the
ground wire of an electrical system
*
151
Computer power supply
* Computer uses DC voltage
– Most power sources provide ___ voltage
* Convert 120 V AC or 240 V AC
– To 3._ V DC, 5 V DC, and 1_ V DC
* You’ll know when this isn’t working
– An important c__
– Most power sources provide AC voltage
*
– To 3.3 V DC, 5 V DC, and 12 V DC
*
– An important component
152
Amp and volt
* Ampere (amp, A) – The rate of electron flow
past a point in one second
– The diameter of the ____
* Voltage (volt, V)Electrical “pressure”
pushing the electrons
– How open the f___ is
– The diameter of the hose
*
– How open the faucet is
153
Power
* Watt (W) – Measurement of real power use
– v___ * a___ = watts
– 120V * 0.5A = 60W
– volts * amps = watts
– 120V * 0.5A = 60W
154
Current
* Alternating current (AC)
– Direction of current constantly r___
– Distributes ____ efficiently over long distances
– F____ of this cycle is important
– US/Canada – 11_ to 12_ volts of AC (VAC), 6_ hertz (Hz)
– Europe – 2__-2__ VAC, 5_ Hz
* Direct current (DC)
– Current moves in one ___ with a constant ___
– Direction of current constantly reverses
– Distributes electricity efficiently over long distances
– Frequency of this cycle is important
– US/Canada – 110 to 120 volts of AC (VAC), 60 hertz (Hz)
– Europe – 220-240 VAC, 50 Hz
*
– Current moves in one direction with a constant voltage
155
Dual-voltage input options
* Voltage varies by country
– US/Canada – 1___ volts of AC (VAC), 6_ hertz (Hz)
– Europe – 2___ VAC, 5___ Hz
* Manually switch between 120 V and 230 V
– Get your m__!
– Or use an auto-switching power ___
* Don’t plug a 120 V power supply into
a 230 V power source!
– US/Canada – 120 volts of AC (VAC), 60 hertz (Hz)
– Europe – 230 VAC, 50 Hz
*
– Get your meter!
– Or use an auto-switching power supply
156
Power supply output
* Different voltages
– For different c___
* Positive and negative voltage
– Voltage is a ____ in potential
– The electrical ground is a common ____ point
– Depends on where you measure ___
* At the front door of your house
– The second floor is +1_ feet
– The basement is -1_ feet
* +12 V
– PCIe a___, hard drive motors, cooling fans,
most modern components
* +5 V
– Some m____components
– Many components are now using +3._ V
* +3.3 V
– M.2 slots, RAM slots, motherboard ___ circuits
* +5 VSB
– Standby voltage
* 12 V
– Integrated L___
– Older s___ ports
– Some P___ cards
* -5 V
– Available for ISA ___ cards
– Most cards didn’t use it
– Today’s motherboards
don’t have ____ slots
– For different components
*
– Voltage is a difference in potential
– The electrical ground is a common reference point
– Depends on where you measure from
*
– The second floor is +10 feet
– The basement is -10 feet
*
– PCIe adapters, hard drive motors, cooling fans,
most modern components
*
– Some motherboard components
– Many components are now using +3.3 V
*
– M.2 slots, RAM slots, motherboard logic circuits
*
– Standby voltage
*
– Integrated LAN
– Older serial ports
– Some PCI cards
*
– Available for ISA adapter cards
– Most cards didn’t use it
– Today’s motherboards
don’t have ISA slots
157
24-pin motherboard power
* Main motherboard power
– Provides +3._ V, +/-5 V, and +/- 1_ V
* 20 pin connector was the original ATX standard
– 2_ pin was added for PCI Express power
* You can connect a 24-pin connector to
a 20-pin motherboard
– Some cables are 20-pin + _-pin
– Provides +3.3 V, +/-5 V, and +/- 12 V
*
– 24 pin was added for PCI Express power
*
– Some cables are 20-pin + 4-pin
158
Redundant power supplies
* Two (or more) power supplies
– ___ to the server
* Each power supply can handle 100% of the load
– Would normally run at ___% of the load
* Hot-swappable
– Replace a faulty power supply without
___ down
– Internal to the server
*
– Would normally run at 50% of the load
*
– Replace a faulty power supply without
powering down
159
Power supply connectors
* Fixed connectors
– Connected to the ____ supply
– May have too ____ connectors
– May not have enough
* Modular
– Add ___ as needed
– Fewer ___ wires, better airflow
– A bit more expensive
– Connected to the power supply
– May have too many connectors
– May not have enough
*
– Add cables as needed
– Fewer leftover wires,better airflow
– A bit more expensive
160
Sizing a power supply
* Power supplies are rated by watts
– Overall and by individual v___
* Bigger isn’t necessarily better
– More ____
– Doesn’t ____ up your computer
* Physical size is relatively standard
– Older cases and systems may have ____ sizes
* Calculate the watts required for all components
– CPU, storage devices, video adapter
– Many online calculators
* Video adapters are usually the largest power draw
– Many video card specifications list a recommended
power supply w_____
* 50% capacity is a good rule of thumb
– Power supply runs e___ and there’s room to grow
– Overall and by individual voltages
*
– More expensive
– Doesn’t speed up your computer
*
– Older cases and systems may have proprietary sizes
*
– CPU, storage devices, video adapter
– Many online calculators
*
– Many video card specifications list a recommended
power supply wattage
*
– Power supply runs efficiently and there’s room to grow
161
Multifunction devices
* Multifunction devices (MFD)
– P____
– Sc___
– F__
– N___ connection
– Phone line connection
– Print from w___
* There are a lot of things that can go wrong
– Printer
– Scanner
– Fax (yes, really)
– Network connection
– Phone line connection
– Print from web
*
162
Unboxing a device
* These can be large devices
– Make sure you have enough ___
– Stay out of walkways
* Check the area
– P__r
– N__k
– Accessibility
– Make sure you have enough room
– Stay out of walkways
*
– Power
– Network
– Accessibility
163
Printer drivers
* Specific to a printer model
* Get this exactly right
* Get the right operating system drivers
– Windows 1_, Windows 1_
– Get the right version of the operating system
– 32-bit drivers are very different than 64-bit drivers
* You can’t mix and match drivers
– It’s a very specific task
– Windows 10, Windows 11
– Get the right version of the operating system
– 32-bit drivers are very different than 64-bit drivers
*
– It’s a very specific task
164
PCL or PostScript
* PCL (Printer Command Language)
* Created by Hewlett-Packard
– Commonly ___ across the industry
* PostScript
* Created by Adobe Systems
– Popular with high end ____
* Make sure the drivers match the printer
– PCL printer, PCL d___
– PostScript printer, PostScript d__
– Wired device s___
* USB type B
– The most ___ connector
– USB Type ___ on the printer,
USB Type ___on the computer
* Ethernet - RJ45 connector
* May include more than one option
– Created by Hewlett-Packard
– Commonly used across the industry
*
– Popular with high end printers
*
– PCL printer, PCL driver
– PostScript printer, PostScript driver
– Wired device sharing
*
– The most common connector
– USB Type B on the printer,
USB Type A on the computer
*
165
Wireless device sharing
* Bluetooth
– ___ range
* 802.11 Infrastructure mode
– Many devices using an ___ point
* 802.11 Ad hoc mode
– No ___ point
– Direct link between ___ devices
– Limited range
*
– Many devices using an access point
*
– No access point
– Direct link between wireless devices
166
Sharing the printer
* Printer share
– Printer is ___ to a computer
– The computer ___ the printer
– Computer needs to be ___
* Print server
– Print ____to the printer
– Jobs are q____ on the printer
– Jobs are m____ on the printer
– Web-based front-end
– Client ___
– Printer is connected to a computer
– The computer shares the printer
– Computer needs to be running
*
– Print directly to the printer
– Jobs are queued on the printer
– Jobs are managed on the printer
– Web-based front-end
– Client utility
167
Configuration settings
* Duplex
– Save ___
– Print on ___ sides of the page without manually
flipping over the paper
– Not all ___ can do this
* Orientation
– Portrait vs. Landscape
– The paper doesn’t ___
– The printer c___
* Tray settings
– Printers can have multiple ___
– Plain paper, letterhead, etc.
– Choose the correct ___in the print dialog
* Quality
– Resolution / Color, g___/ Color saving
– Save paper
– Print on both sides of the page without manually
flipping over the paper
– Not all printers can do this
*
– Portrait vs. Landscape
– The paper doesn’t rotate
– The printer compensates
*
– Printers can have multiple trays
– Plain paper, letterhead, etc.
– Choose the correct tray in the print dialog
*
– Resolution / Color, greyscale / Color saving
168
Printer security
* User authentication
– Everyone can ___
– Set ___ and permissions
– Printing vs. m___ the printer
* Badging
– A____ when using the printer
– Your job doesn’t print until you use
your employee ___
– Quick and easy
* Audit logs
– c__ management
– Security m___
– Event Viewer / System E____
– May be built into the printer or print ___
* Secured prints
– Printer must support ___ printing
– Define a ____
– Use the passcode at the printer
– Everyone can print
– Set rights and permissions
– Printing vs. managing the printer
*
– Authenticate when using the printer
– Your job doesn’t print until you use
your employee badge
– Quick and easy
*
– Cost management
– Security monitoring
– Event Viewer / System Events
– May be built into the printer or print server
*
– Printer must support secure printing
– Define a passcode
– Use the passcode at the printer
169
Flatbed scanner
* Different form factors
– All-in-one multi-___ device
– Standalone flatbed
* May include an ADF
– ADF?
– Multiple p____
– All-in-one multifunction device
*
– Automatic Document Feeder
– Multiple pages
170
Network scan services
* Scan to email
– ___ are sent to your inbox
– Large ___ can fill up your mailbox
* Scan to folder
– Using SMB (S___ M____ B____)
– Send to a Microsoft s___
* Scan to cloud
– ___ storage account
– Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.
– Scans are sent to your inbox
– Large scans can fill up your mailbox
*
– Using SMB (Server Message Block)
– Send to a Microsoft share
*
– Cloud storage account
– Google Drive, Dropbox, etc.
171
Laser printer
* Combine a laser, high voltage, charged ions,
powdered ink, heat, and paper
* Very high quality
* Fast printing speeds
* Very complex, many moving parts, requires on-printer
memory and messy on the inside
172
Imaging drum
* Image is drawn onto a photosensitive drum
– “____” with a laser
* Picks up toner - Transfers toner to the paper
* Can be separate from the toner cartridge or combined
– “Painted” with a laser
173
Fuser assembly
* Heat and pressure - Melt plastic toner powder
– Permanently bond ___ to paper
– Permanently bond toner to paper
174
Transfer belt and roller
* Color laser printers
– C__, y___, m___, b____
* Four separate toner cartridges
* Image is transferred from all cartridges to the single belt
– And then to a single ____ roller
– Cyan, yellow, magenta, black
*
- And then to a single transfer roller
175
Pickup rollers
* Pickup paper - Should be a single page at a time
– Problems if no paper is picked up
or ___ sheets are picked
* Should be periodically cleaned or replaced
– Problems if no paper is picked up
or multiple sheets are picked
176
Separation pad
* Pull just the top sheet from the paper tray
– Not ___ sheets
* Small and inexpensive - Easy to clean or replace
– Not multiple sheets
177
Duplexing assembly
* Printers usually print on a single side
– Not both sides s____
* Printing on both sides is a two step process
– Print side ___ , print side two
* You need mechanisms to “flip” the page
– A_
* Can be built-in to the printer
* Or available as an add-on
– Not both sides simultaneously
*
– Print side one, print side two
*
– Automatically
178
Step 1: Processing
* Build the entire page in memory
Step 2: Charging
* Prepare the drum with a
negative electrostatic charge
Step 3: Exposing
* Write the image with the laser
Step 4: Developing
* Add toner to the charged areas
of the imaging drum
Step 5: Transferring
* Move the toner from
the drum to the paper
Step 6: Fusing
* Heat and pressure
Step 7: Cleaning
* Remove excess toner
179
Replacing the toner cartridge
* Look for the messages
– Low doesn’t mean empty
* The toner can also contain the OPC drum
– Organic Photoconductor drum
– Sensitive to light; keep it in the bag
* Power down the printer
– Safety first
* Remove packing strips from the new drum
– Replace it with the old
– Low doesn’t mean empty
*
– Organic Photoconductor drum
– Sensitive to light; keep it in the bag
*
– Safety first
*
– Replace it with the old
180
Laser printer maintenance kit
* Laser printers wear out
– All those moving ____
– ___ and pressure
* Standard maintenance kits
– Replacement feed rollers, new fuser unit, etc.
* When to perform maintenance?
– Check the printer’s ____ counter
* Power down and replace the components
– Fuser units are __(temp)
* Reset the page counter when you’re done!
– All those moving parts
– Heat and pressure
*
– Replacement feed rollers, new fuser unit, etc.
*
– Check the printer’s page counter
*
– Fuser units are HOT
181
Replacing the toner cartridge
* Look for the messages
– Low doesn’t mean ____
* The toner can also contain the OPC drum
– ____ Photoconductor drum
– Sensitive to ___ ; keep it in the bag
* Power down the printer - Safety first
* Remove packing strips from the new drum
– Replace it with the ___
– Low doesn’t mean empty
*
– Organic Photoconductor drum
– Sensitive to light; keep it in the bag
*
– Replace it with the old
182
Laser printer calibration
* Different toner cartridges print with different densities
– Some dark, some ___
* Laser printer calibration can adjust the density
– Makes it looks ____
* Can be automated or a manual process
– Every printer is ___
– Check the printer ___
– Some dark, some light
*
– Makes it looks perfect
*
– Every printer is different
– Check the printer manual
183
Laser printer cleaning
* Laser printers are dirty - All that toner and paper dust
* Check the manufacturer’s recommendations
– Water, isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
– Don’t use harsh chemicals!
* Outside - Damp cloth
* Inside - Wipe dust away
– Don’t use a normal vacuum cleaner or compressed ___
– Wash off skin with ___ water
– Clean rollers with ___
– Water, isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
– Don’t use harsh chemicals!
*
– Don’t use a normal vacuum cleaner or compressed air
– Wash off skin with cold water
– Clean rollers with IPA
184
Inkjet (ink-dispersion) printer
* Relatively inexpensive technology
* Quiet
* High-resolution
* Expensive ink
– Pr___
* Eventually fades
* Clogs easily
– Proprietary
185
Ink cartridge
* Place drops of ink onto a page
– Pulled from a set of c_____
* CMYK - Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (black)
– Pulled from a set of cartridges
186
Print head
* Some consumer printers integrate the print head
into the ink cartridge
– Change the c____, get a new print ___
* Others separate the ink cartridge from the print head
– Change the cartridge, get a new print head
187
Feed rollers
* Pick up and feed paper through the printer
– Must be ___ and not worn
* Duplexing
– Print on ___ sides of the paper
– Included with some ___
– Must be clean and not worn
*
– Print on both sides of the paper
– Included with some printers
188
Carriage and belt
* Ink cartridges are moved over the paper
– Carriage may include its own print ___
* Belt moves the carriage back and forth
– Another ____ part
– Carriage may include its own print head
*
– Another moving part
189
Inkjet printer calibration
* Align nozzles to the paper
– Lines should be ___
– Colors should ___
* Printer includes a calibration option
– May need to make ___ adjustments
– Lines should be crisp
– Colors should align
*
– May need to make minor adjustments
190
Cleaning print heads
* Small droplets of ink - And small holes in a print head
* Clogged heads is a big issue
– Many printers ____ clean every day
– Output has ___ or sections of missing color
* Cleaning process can be started manually
– Only takes a ___ minutes
* Some print heads/cartridges can be removed
– ___ cleaning may help
– Many printers automatically clean every day
– Output has streaks or sections of missing color
*
– Only takes a few minutes
*
– Manually cleaning may help
191
Replacing inkjet cartridges
* Usually separate colors
– ________(CMYK)
– Some cartridges will ___ these
* Takes seconds to replace
– Takes a few minutes to c___ and
prepare the cartridge
* Recycle the empty cartridge - All plastic
– Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (CMYK)
– Some cartridges will combine these
*
– Takes a few minutes to calibrate and
prepare the cartridge
192
Inkjet printer calibration
* Align nozzles to the paper
– Lines should be ___
– Colors should not ___
* Printer includes a calibration option
– May need to make ___ adjustments
– Lines should be crisp
– Colors should not overlap
*
– May need to make minor adjustments
193
Clearing jams
* Lots of turns and twists
– A jam is ____
* Remove tray paper
– Any ___ paper
* Remove paper from the path
– ___pressure, don’t rip
* Check for any scraps of paper
* Remove all loose paper
– A jam is inevitable
*
– Any loose paper
*
– Firm pressure, don’t rip
194
Thermal printer
* White paper
– Turns ___ when heated
– No ____!
* VERY quiet
– Almost ___
* Paper is sensitive to light and heat
– And ___ tape
– Turns black when heated
– No ink!
*
– Almost silent
*
– And clear tape
195
Feed assembly
* Pull paper through the printer
– Relatively ___ paper path
– Relatively small paper path
196
Heating element
* Full-length heating element
– No moving print ___
– No moving print head
197
Thermal paper
* Paper covered with a chemical
– Changes ___ when heated
* Cash registers, credit card terminals
– And ___ areas
* Looks like normal paper
– Feels a bit ___
– Changes color when heated
*
– And quiet areas
*
– Feels a bit different
198
Thermal paper replacement
* Relatively inexpensive
– But impossible to ____
* Different sizes
– Not like ____ printer paper - Keep a list
* Actual replacement process is easy
– Simple ___ feed
– Small ___
– But impossible to substitute
*
– Not like laser printer paper - Keep a list
*
– Simple paper feed
– Small device
199
Cleaning the heating element
* Liquid cleaner
– Is____ alcohol (IPA)
– Get a ___ pen
– Check manufacturer’s recommendations
* Swab gently - Usually small areas
* Use a cleaning card
– Cleans the head and paper ____
– Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
– Get a cleaning pen
– Check manufacturer’s recommendations
*
– Cleans the head and paper pathways
200
Removing debris
* Relatively small amount
– Paper ___ and dust
– No t____!
* Blow out the printer
– Take it ____
* Wipe it out
– ___ cloth
* Avoid using a vacuum
– Unless it’s designed for c____
– Resists static buildup/____
– Paper bits and dust
– No toner!
*
– Take it outside
*
– Damp cloth
*
– Unless it’s designed for computers
– Resists static buildup/discharge
201
Dot-matrix (impact) printers
* Print head with a small matrix of pins
– Presses against a r____ to make a mark on paper
* Good for carbon/multiple copies
* Low cost per page
* NOISY
* Poor graphics
* Relatively niche use cases
– Presses against a ribbon to make a mark on paper
202
Dot-matrix printer head
* Moves back and forth
– Pins hit r___ and paper
* One matrix - Must move across the page to print
– Pins hit ribbon and paper
203
Printer ribbon
* Fabric
– One long r____ - Never ending circle
* Easy to replace - Once single unit
* Proprietary size - Specific to printer model
– One long ribbon - Never ending circle
204
Tractor feed
* Paper pulled through with holes on the side of the paper
– Instead of using ___
* Continuous paper feed
– Perforations between ____
* Holes have to line up perfectly
– Tractor paper can be p___ to remove holes
– Instead of using friction
*
– Perforations between pages
*
– Tractor paper can be perforated to remove holes
205
Printer ribbon replacement
* Single ribbon - Self-contained - One long circle
* Replace when ink becomes too light
– Ink is eventually ___
* Designed to be modular - Replace in less than a minute
– Ink is eventually consumed
206
Print head replacement
* Takes a lot of abuse - Directly hits the ribbon and paper
* Gets hot - Watch your fingers
– Another m___ part - Look for a release lever or bar
* Replace with the ribbon for the best effect
– The output should look ____
– Another modular part - Look for a release lever or bar
*
– The output should look perfect
207
Replacing paper
* Not as easy as a laser printer
– Paper must feed perfectly into ___
– ___ feed
* Forms must be positioned correctly
– Text needs to fit a p____ space
* Paper must feed without constraint
* Make sure nothing is in the way
– Paper must feed perfectly into holes
– Tractor feed
*
– Text needs to fit a predefined space
208
3D printers
* “Print” in three dimensions
– Create a 3D item based on an ___ model
* Additive manufacturing
– Build in ____ to create the object
– No m___ process required
* Rapid prototyping
– Design and create relatively ___ and inexpensively
* Deploy designs anywhere in the world
– Or into ___
– Create a 3D item based on an electronic model
*
– Build in layers to create the object
– No machining process required
*
– Design and create relatively quickly and inexpensively
*
– Or into space
209
Filament printing
* Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
– Melt ___ to print 3D objects
* Print a layer, move up,print another layer
– Watch the ___ create the object
* Good all-around printer
– Larger print bed than ___ printers
– Easy to manage f___
– Minimum of ___
– Fewer disposal issues
– Melt filament to print 3D objects
*
– Watch the printer create the object
*
– Larger print bed than resin printers
– Easy to manage filament
– Minimum of mess
– Fewer disposal issues
210
Resin printing
* Stereolithography (SLA) 3D Printing
– Smooth and finely detailed ____ prints
* Resin is hardened using a light source
– ____ light or a laser
– Layers are added to the ____
– Entire print ___ from the build platform
* Resin must be handled properly
– Wear ___ gear
– Take ____ resin to your local
hazardous materials disposal
– Smooth and finely detailed 3D prints
*
– Ultraviolet light or a laser
– Layers are added to the bottom
– Entire print hangs from the build platform
*
– Wear protective gear
– Take unused resin to your local
hazardous materials disposal
211
The print bed
* A flat adhesive surface
– The ___ of a 3D print
– Everything ___on that first layer
* Needs to be level and clean
– Prints “___” to the bed
* Filament printing
– The print bed is the ___ surface
– Many different ___ bed options
* Resin printing
– The “bed” is the location where the resin is
___ by the UV light
– The foundation of a 3D print
– Everything builds on that first layer
*
– Prints “stick” to the bed
*
– The print bed is the printing surface
– Many different print bed options
*
– The “bed” is the location where the resin is
hardened by the UV light
