30 Blood glucose and diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

A

endocrine = secretes hormones into the blood

exocrine = secretes other substances into ducts

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2
Q

what are the names and functions of the two types of cells in islets of langerhans in the pancreas?

A

α = produce and secrete glucagon

β = produce and secrete insulin

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3
Q
what colours are:
- endocrine tissue
- exocrine tissue
- capillaries
in the pancreas on a light micrograph?
A
  • pale purple
  • dark purple
  • white
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4
Q

describe how the pancreas responds to hyperglycaemia

A

β cells act as receptors –> detect rising blood glucose concentration

β cells secrete insulin

insulin binds to membrane-bound receptors on cells (muscle and liver)

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5
Q

describe the effects of insulin secretion by the pancreas

A

target effector cells increase their uptake of glucose

glucose converted to fats or used in respiration

liver cells covert glucose to glycogen in glycogenesis and stored

blood glucose concentration falls

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6
Q

describe how the pancreas responds to hypoglycaemia

A

α cells act as receptors –> detect falling blood glucose concentration

α cells secrete glucagon

glucagon binds to membrane-bound receptors on liver cells

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7
Q

describe the effects of glucagon secretion by the pancreas

A

use of glucose as a respiratory substrate decreases

more fatty acids used as alternative respiratory substrates

liver cells convert glycogen to glucose in glycogenolysis, and release it into the blood stream

some amino acids and fats converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis

blood glucose concentration rises

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8
Q

what is the normal range of blood glucose?

A

3.89 - 5.83 mmol dm^-3

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9
Q

define diabetes mellitus

A

blood glucose concentration outside the normal range

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10
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 = little/no insulin production due to autoimmune response

type 2 = reduced insulin production due to effector cells losing responsiveness to insulin

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11
Q

what are the risk factors of type 1 diabetes?

A

heritability = several gene variants (e.g. some HLA antigens)

environmental (e.g. viral infections)

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12
Q

what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

genetics

age

hypertension

low birth weight

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13
Q

describe the chemical reactions of a glucose biosensor

A

sterile lancer produces a drop of blood

test strip contains glucose oxidase

glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconolactone

produces small electrical current

digital reading produced from electrode conversion

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14
Q

describe how a doctor can test blood glucose levels

A

glucose molecules attach to haemoglobin –> glycosylated haemoglobin

blood glucose increase –> concentration of glycosylated haemoglobin increase

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15
Q

how is type 1 diabetes managed?

A

insulin injections

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16
Q

how is type 2 diabetes managed?

A

lifestyle changes (e.g. increased exercise; smaller meals)

metformin - reduces glucose production by the liver and glucose absorbtion from food

17
Q

describe the role of the following health professionals in the management of diabetes:
- diabetic nurse

  • regular health checks by a consultant
  • podiatrists
A
  • education, advice and support
  • blood pressure checks, eye tests, kidney function tests
  • increasing blood supply to feet, changing footwear