30-AMINO ACID METABOLISM LECTURE 1-3 - Dr. Venk. Flashcards
What are ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?
Ketogenic amino acids produce acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA (not substrates for gluconeogenesis) and glucogenic amino acids produce OAA, alpha-ketoglutarate, fumarate, succinyl CoA, pyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate (substrates for gluconeogenesis).
What are essential and nonessential amino acids? Name the essential amino acids.
Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be supplied by diet. Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body and, so, are not required in the diet.
Essential amino acids are PVT TIM HALL.
Name the mandatory keto acid and an amino acid in the transamination reaction.
The mandatory keto acid is alpha-ketoglutarate and an amino acid involved in the transamination reaction is glutamate.
Describe the role of pyridoxal phosphate (vit B6) in the transamination reaction.
Pyridoxal phosphate is the coenzyme involved in the transamination reaction.
Describe the role of glutamine with reference to nitrogen catabolism.
Glutamine is used as a carrier of NH4+ in nitrogen catabolism.
What are the substrates and products of glutaminase?
Glutamine (substrates) —> glutamate + NH3 (products)
via glutaminase in the liver
What are the substrates and products of carbamoyl phosphate synthase?
NH4+ + HCO3- —-> carbamoyl phosphate via carbamoyl phosphate synthase I.
Name the two cellular compartments where the urea cycle operates.
The urea cycle operates within the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol.
Name the allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthase I.
The allosteric activator of CPS-I is N-acetylglutamate.
Name a drug that is used for treatment of an urea cycle enzyme deficiency.
- carbamoyl glutamate (carbamoyl phosphate synthease or N-acetylgulatamate synthase deficiency)
- benzoate or phenyoacetate ( ornithinine transcarbomylase (OTC) deficiency ) **
feels like this is more correct
In an exercising muscle, name the cycle that utilizes an amino acid and converts it to glucose. What are the differences between the glucose-alanine cycle and the Cori cycle?
The glucose-alanine cycle.
Differences between glucose-alanine cycle and Cori cycle are:
- glucose-alanine cycle converts alanine to pyruvate in the liver
- the Cori cycle converts lactate to pyruvate in the liver
- the Cori cycle starts in the muscle with the creation of lactate then proceeds to the liver.
Name two neurotransmitters that are derived from tyrosine.
Two neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine are epinephrine and dopamine.
Name three types of reactions that are involved in producing a neurotransmitter from an amino acid precursor.
Three types of reactions involved in producing a neurotransmitter from an amino acid precursor are decarboxylation, hydroxylation, and SAM [S-adenosylmethionine]-dependant methylation.
Name three catecholamines.
Three catecholamines are epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
Name the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines.
The rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of catecholamines is the tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzed reaction.
Name the cofactor that is required for tyrosine hydroxylase.
The cofactor required for the tyrosine hydroxylase reaction is THB, or tetrahydrobiopterin.
Catecholamine release is stimulated by the neurotransmitter ____________.
acetylcholine
Name two enzymes that are involved in catecholamine catabolism.
Catecholamine-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) and Monoamine Oxidase (MAO).
Name a few functions of catecholamines.
Catecholamines are responsible for:
1) increased cardiac output, decreased peripheral vascular resistance to flow,
2) increased glycogen degradation, increased release of glucose to blood, increased triglyceride hydrolysis, and
3) increased fatty acid release from adipose tissue; in other words, they prepare the body for the fight o flight response.
Discuss the connection between Parkinson’s disease and dopamine and the drug that is used for patients.
Parkinson’s disease results from a loss in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain in which dopamine is produced. The lack of dopamine is supplemented with L-DOPA, which is the precursor for dopamine.
Name two neurotransmitter compounds that are derived from tryptophan.
melatonin and serotonin
What is the hormone that is involved in circadian rhythms?
melatonin
What is the effect of Prozac?
Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It inhibits the reuptake and degradation of serotonin in the post-synaptic cleft, making serotonin more available for binding.
If you suffer from jet lag, what pathway would you target for drug therapy?
For the treatment of jet lag, the pathway that would be targeted for drug therapy would be the synthesis of melatonin since melatonin is responsible for controlling diurnal (daily) cycles.
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of histamine.
histidine decarboxylase
Name three functions of histamines.
Histamines are responsible for the
1) inflammatory/allergic response,
2) vasodilation, and
3) constriction of bronchioles in lungs and excretion of HCl in the stomach.
What are the substrates and products of glutamate decarboxylase?
Glutamate (substrate) —-> GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) (product)
In general, decarboxylases require the coenzyme ________________.
pyridoxal phosphate (B6 derivative)
L-DOPA is used for _________ disease treatment.
Parkinson’s
Name a synthetic compound that inhibits the serotonin reuptake.
Prozac, as well as others in the class of compounds generally known as SSRIs, inhibit the reuptake of serotonin.
Describe pheochromocytoma.
Pheochromocytomas are chromaffin tissue tumors which increase release of catecholamines, leading to increased blood pressure.
Side Note: cromaffin tissue is a tissue composed largely of chromaffin cells, well supplied with nerves and vessels; it occurs in the adrenal medulla and also forms the paraganglia of the body
Describe the clinical correlation between Huntington’s disease and GABA metabolism
Decreased levels of GABA and GABAnergic neurons are responsible for the symptoms of Huntington’s disease.
Melanins are synthesized in _________.
melanocytes
Tyrosinase deficiency causes ________.
albinism