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(undergrad) physiology > 3 week 13 > Flashcards

3 week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

diff bw internal and external respiration?

A
  • internal: oxidative phosphorylation
  • external: exchange of O2 and CO2 bw atmosphere and body tissues
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2
Q

whats the path of airflow through the body?

A
  • air enters nose/mouth and nasal/oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • branches to bronchi
  • branches to bronchioles
  • branches to alveolar sacs
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3
Q

diff bw conducting zone and respiratory zone?

A
  • conducting zone: where air is warmed, humidified, particles removed
  • respiratory zone: where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles + alveolar sacs ONLY)
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4
Q

function of cilia that line the airway?

A

mucous elevator! (propel mucus containing trapped particles up to glottis and then into pharynx, where mucus is then swallowed)

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5
Q

which cells secrete mucous?

A

goblet cells

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6
Q

T or F: adjacent alveoli are completely independent structures

A

false! they are connected by alveolar pores which allow air flow + pressure equilibration

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7
Q

where are type i and ii cells located? what are their functions?

A
  • located in alveoli
  • type i cells: very thin, facilitate gas exchange
  • type ii cells: secrete surfactant, reduce surface tension
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8
Q

whats the visceral pleura? parietal pleura? intrapleural space/pleural cavity?

A
  • visceral pleura: lines surface of lungs
  • parietal pleura: lines wall of chest + diaphragm
  • intrapleural space/pleural cavity: fluid filled area between those ^
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9
Q

describe pulmonary circulation. when does blood become oxygenated?

A
  • heart (right ventricle)
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary arterioles
  • capillaries (BECOMES OXYGENATED HERE)
  • pulmonary venules
  • pulmonary veins
  • heart (left atrium)
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10
Q

whats boyle’s law?

A
  • “if the volume of a container increases, the pressure falls; if the volume decreases, the pressure rises”
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11
Q

whats Patm, Palv, and Pip?

A
  • Patm (atmospheric pressure) = 760mmHg
  • Palv (alveolar pressure) = varies with inspiration/expiration
  • Pip (intrapleural pressure) = always less than those ^
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12
Q

where does air move when…
a) Palv = Patm
b) Palv < Patm
c) Palv > Patm

A
  • recall: air moves from high to low pressure
    a) no air movement
    b) inspiration (+ lung volume)
    c) expiration (- lung volume)
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13
Q

how do intra-alveolar pressures and lung volumes change as we breathe?

A
  • at inspiration, Palv drops to 759mmHg (-1)
  • at end of inspiration, gas molecules in lungs exert pressure, making inside/outside pressures equal to 760mmHg (0)
  • at expiration, pressure increases equal to 761mmHg (+1), causing air to exit lungs
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14
Q

which muscles are involved in breathing?

A
  • inspiration: external intercostals and diaphragm contract
  • expiration: quiet breathing = external intercostals and diaphragm relax, forced expiration = internal intercostals and abs contract
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15
Q

why is the intrapleural pressure always negative? what is the purpose of this?

A
  • why: bc opposing forces exerted by chest wall and lungs pull parietal and visceral pleura apart (but they do not separate, think wet microscope slides example)
  • purpose: lungs follow chest wall
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16
Q

whats pneumothorax? what are treatments for it?

A
  • pneumothorax: hole in chest wall (i.e., from injury) creates pneumothorax, where air is allowed to enter pleural cavity. pressure in cavity becomes 0 and lung collapses.
  • treatments: nothing (heals itself) or remove air with syringe.
17
Q

airflow = ___ / ___

A

pressure / resistance

18
Q

compliance = ___ / ___

A

volume / pressure

19
Q

how do elasticity and surface tension influence compliance?

A
  • more elasticity = less compliant
  • more surface tension = less compliant

think “compliance = expandable”

20
Q

what does aging empysema do to lungs?

A

makes lungs more compliant, meaning air easily gets in, but has a hard time getting out.

21
Q

what does fibrosis do to the lungs?

A

makes lungs less compliant, meaning air has a hard time getting in, but easily gets out.

22
Q

whats the law of laplace?

A

P = 2T/r

23
Q

why is surfactant more concentrated in smaller alveoli?

A

prevents the smaller alveoli from collapsing into the larger alveoli

24
Q

whats the relationship between airway resistance and alveoli radius

A
  • R = 1/r^4
  • A small change in radius (r) causes a large change in resistance (R)
25
Q

what factors alter airway resistance?

A
  1. contractile activity of smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction/PNS/histamine or bronchodilation/SNS/E/+CO2)
  2. mucus secretion
26
Q

what are…
a) VT
b) IRV
c) ERV
d) RV

A

a) tidal volume (~500 ml), vol of air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath.
b) inspiratory reserve volume (~3000 ml), max vol of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration.
c) expiratory reserve volume (~1000 ml), max vol of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration.
d) residual volume (~1200 ml), vol of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration.

27
Q

what are…
a) VC
b) IC
c) FRC
d) TLC

A

a) vital capacity = IRV + ERV + VT
b) inspiratory capacity = IRV + VT
c) functional residual capacity = ERV + RV
d) total lung capacity = IRV + ERV + RV + VT (~5700 ml)

28
Q

what is FEV1?

A
  • how fast you can get air out of the lungs
  • normal FEV1 is 80%
  • low FVC = restrictive pulmonary disease (low compliance)
  • low FEV1 = obstructive pulmonary disease
29
Q

characteristics of obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A
  • residual volume increases (harder to exhale)
  • functional residual capacity increases
  • vital capacity decreases
  • FEV1 decreases
30
Q

characteristics of restrictive pulmonary diseases?

A
  • more difficult for lungs to expand
  • total lung capacity decreases
  • vital capacity decreases
  • FEV1 same or increases.
31
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A
  • total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system each minute
  • VT x resp rate
  • normal: 500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min!
32
Q

what is dead space?

A

volume of air in conducting zone that does not participate in gas exchange (~150 mL)

33
Q

what is alveolar ventilation?

A
  • volume of fresh air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
  • (VT - DSV) x RR
34
Q

is it more efficient to increase tidal volume than respiratory rate to enhance alveolar ventilation?

A

yes, when tidal volume is increased, the total increase in volume in excess of the dead space volume adds to the fresh air reaching the alveoli.

(undergrad) physiology (21 decks)

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