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(undergrad) physiology > 2 week 9 > Flashcards

2 week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

the heart = muscular pump that drives the flow of blood through _______

A

blood vessels

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2
Q

what is vasculature?

A

blood vessels carry blood from heart to organs to heart again (“closed system”)

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3
Q

diff bw superior and inferior vena cava?

A

superior: carries blood from above diaphragm
inferior: carries blood from below diaphragm

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4
Q

aorta is related to which ventricle/circuit?

A

aorta = left = systemic circuit

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5
Q

pulmonary artery is related to which ventricle/circuit?

A

pulmonary artery = right = pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

order of cardiac cycle?

A
  1. right atrium
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonic valve
  5. pulmonary arteries
  6. pulmonic veins
  7. left atrium
  8. mitral valve
  9. left ventricle
  10. aortic valve
  11. aorta
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7
Q

in ___ capillary beds, oxygen ENTERS blood and carbon dioxide EXITS

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

in ___ capillary beds, oxygen EXITS blood and carbon dioxide ENTERS

A

systemic

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9
Q

the heart muscle obtains most of its nourishment from blood via the _____

A

coronary arteries

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10
Q

what are the 2 advantages of the parallel arrangement of organs in the systemic circuit?

A
  1. each organ is fed by a separate artery (fresh blood!)
  2. blood flow can be independently regulated (to match the changing metabolic needs of organs!)
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11
Q

when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure, the AV valves; when ventricular pressure becomes higher than atrial pressure, the valves .

A

open
close

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12
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves control blood flow between ___ and ___

A

atria and ventricles (duh!)

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13
Q

left AV valve is ___cuspid while right AV valve is ___cuspid

A

left = bicuspid (mitral)
right = tricuspid

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14
Q

when ventricles relax, the AV valve is ___.

when blood enters the atria, valve cusps are in the ___.

A

open
ventricles

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15
Q

when ventricles contract, the AV valve is ___.

contraction of ____ muscles tightens _____, preventing prolapse.

A

closed

papillary muscles
chordae tendineae

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16
Q

aortic semilunar (SL) valve connects the ___ and ___

A

aorta
left ventricle

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17
Q

pulmonary SL valve connects the ___ and ___

A

pulmonary artery
right ventricle

18
Q

when ventricles contract, the aortic SL valve is ___.

blood enters the _ and _.

A

open

aorta and pulmonary artery

19
Q

when ventricles relax, the aortic SL valve is ___.

A

closed

20
Q

what happens in mitral valve disease? therapies for it?

A

heart must work harder to deliver the same amount of oxygenated blood (changes shape)

therapies = drugs to inhibit calcification, valve replacement surgery

21
Q

many valve designs exist but all enable ____

A

one-way flow

22
Q

what determines the heart rate?

A

depolarization of SA node

23
Q

whats the pathway of depolarization in the heart? (4)

A
  1. SA node

{internodal pathways}

  1. AV node (atria)

{0.1 second delay}

  1. bundle of His (separate to right and left ventricles)
  2. purkinje fibers (electrical conduits, spreads upward)
24
Q

what does “the AV node is slave to the SA node” mean?

A
  1. once AV is activated by SA, it goes into refractory period, preventing the AV from initiating an extra beat.
  2. SA has higher beating frequency, so it depolarizes first (“override”).
25
Q

what if SA node malfunctions? what if Plan B malfunctions?

A

Plan A = SA
Plan B = AV
Plan C = idioventricular pacemakers

26
Q

define: autorhythmicity and myogenic

A

autorhythmicity = automatic contraction

myogenic = initiated by heart

27
Q

pacemaker cells are ___ while cardiac myocytes are ___

A

electrical
contractile

28
Q

T or F: pacemaker potentials are steady

A

false – unsteady *

29
Q

describe the ions involved in pacemaker potentials

A
  • funny channels open = sodium enters, depolarize to threshold
  • calcium channels open = calcium enters, depolarization to peak
  • calcium channels start to close and potassium channels open = potassium exits, repolarization
  • potassium channels close, stops repolarizing
  • funny channels open, depolarize to threshold and process repeats
30
Q

what happens to heart rate during sympathetic vs parasympathetic stimulation?

A

sympa (F or F) = increased heart rate

parasympa (R + D) = decreased heart rate

31
Q

how are pacemaker and contractile cells a “mass of connected cells that act as one” ? what does this mean?

A

gap junctions!!!
means they contract as one

32
Q

T or F: cardiac myocytes have a higher resting potential and shorter APs than pacemaker cells

A

F – lower* and longer*

33
Q

describe phases of cardiac myocyte’s potential (0-4)

A
  • 0: sodium channels open = sodium enters (30-40mV)
  • 1: sodium channels close = only slight drop in mV bc potassium channels close and calcium channels open
  • 2: “plateau phase” since calcium influx is greater
  • 3: potassium channels open = repolarize, makes calcium channels close
  • 4: all channels at resting values, mV is negative bc more permeable to potassium
34
Q

which cells does excitation-contraction coupling occur in?

A

myocytes

35
Q

describe the process of myocyte excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. AP enters from adjacent cell
  2. calcium channels open = calcium enters (via L-type channel)
  3. calcium-induced calcium release
  4. calcium sparks occur
  5. sparks = calcium signal
  6. calcium binds to troponin, allowing crossbridge cycle to begin
  7. relaxation occurs when calcium unbinds from troponin
  8. calcium pumped back into SR for storage (via ATPase or Na-Ca exchanger)
  9. calcium is exchanged with sodium via NCX antiporter
  10. sodium gradient maintained by Na-K ATPase
36
Q

what does an ECG measure?

A

patterns of AP firing in the entire population of cells that make up the heart muscle

37
Q

what is the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization

38
Q

what is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization

39
Q

what is the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

40
Q

what is sinus tachycardia?

A
  • double heart rate
  • injury to SA node
41
Q

what is sinus bradycardia?

A
  • slow heart rate
  • blockages in conducting fibers, dysfunction/absence of SA node, OR could be healthy i.e., in athletes!
42
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A
  • ventricular muscle cells depolarize independently
  • ventricles can no longer efficiently pump blood

(undergrad) physiology (21 decks)

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