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3. Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What do waves transfer?

A

Energy

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2
Q

Waves transfer energy without transferring what?

A

Matter

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3
Q

Describe wave motion

A

No matter travels with waves as it travels between 2 points
Points on the wave vibrate back and forth about a fixed point

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4
Q

What is a wavefront?

A

A way of viewing waves from above

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5
Q

What is meant by the speed of a wave?

A

The distance travelled by a wave per second

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6
Q

What is meant by the frequency of a wave?

A

Number of waves passing any point per second

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7
Q

What is the SI unit for frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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8
Q

What is the formula for frequency?

A

f= 1/period

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9
Q

What is meant by period?

A

Time taken for 1 oscillation

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10
Q

What is the SI unit for period?

A

Seconds (s)

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11
Q

What is meant by the term wavelength?

A

Distance from a point on one wave to the same point on the next wave

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12
Q

What is the SI unit for wavelength?

A

Metres (m)

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13
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

v = fλ

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14
Q

What is meant by the term amplitude?

A

The height of a wave measured from the middle of the wave

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15
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Waves in which oscillations are perpendicular to direction of travel

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16
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

Waves in which oscillations are parallel to direction of travel

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17
Q

What are 2 differences between transverse and longitudinal waves?

A
  1. Oscillations and direction of travel
  2. Transverse waves have peaks and troughs and longitudinal waves have compressions and rarefactions
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18
Q

What are 3 wave effects?

A

Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction

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19
Q

What is reflection?

A

The bouncing back of a wave

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20
Q

What is refraction?

A

The change in speed of a wave when it passes from one medium to another

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21
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The spreading of a wave

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22
Q

What are the laws of reflection?

A
  1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
  2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane
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23
Q

What are the effects on speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave that is reflected?

A

No effect

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24
Q

What are 3 effects of refraction of a wave into a different medium?

A

Change in speed
Change in wavelength
Change in direction

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25
Q

What is the effect on a wave travelling from a more dense medium to a less dense medium?

A

Speed decreases
Wavelength decreases
Bends away the normal

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26
Q

What is the effect on a wave travelling from a less dense medium to a more dense medium?

A

Speed increases
Wavelength increases
Bends towards from the normal

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27
Q

Which property of a wave is not affected by refraction?

A

Frequency

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28
Q

Is shallow water less dense or more dense than deep water?

A

Less dense

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29
Q

Is shallow water less dense or more dense than deep water?

A

Less dense

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30
Q

What are 2 factors that influence diffraction?

A
  1. Size of the gap
  2. Wavelength
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31
Q

How does the size of a gap affect diffraction?

A

Wider gaps produce less diffraction

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32
Q

How does wavelength affect diffraction?

A

Greater wavelength produces more diffraction

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33
Q

What 3 properties are not affected by wavelength?

A

Speed
Wavelength
Frequency

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34
Q

What are 3 characteristics of an optical image formed by a plane mirror?

A

Same size as the object
Same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it
It is directly in line with the object

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35
Q

Is the image in a plane mirror virtual or real?

A

Virtual

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36
Q

Exam tip ; )

A

When drawing light waves being reflected take care to get the angle about right.

If they are slightly out it won’t be a problem, but if there is an obvious difference between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection then you will probably lose a mark.

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37
Q

Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light

A

Place the glass block on plain paper and draw around the block using a pencil
Use a ray box to project a single ray of light towards the glass block
Using a pencil, mark the points before it reaches the glass block and where it hits the glass block
Mark the points where it leaves the glass block and after it has left the glass block
Connect the points using a ruler and pencil
Repeat the process with the ray striking the block at different angles
Use Snell’s Law

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38
Q

What is Snell’s Law?

A

As light travels from a less dense medium to a more dense medium it slows down and bends towards the normal

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39
Q

What is refractive index?

A

Degree at which light is bent by the second medium

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40
Q

What is the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction given by Snell’s Law?

A

n = sin i ÷ sin r

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41
Q

What is the formula for refractive index?

A

n = speed of light in vacuum ÷ speed of light in medium

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42
Q

What is critical angle?

A

Angle of incidence that gives an angle of refraction of 90°
Light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium

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43
Q

What is the formula for critical angle?

A

n = 1 ÷ sin c

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44
Q

Describe internal reflection

A

Light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium
Most of the light is refracted
A small amount is reflected

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45
Q

Describe total internal reflection

A

Light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium
Angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
All of the light is reflected

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46
Q

What are 2 conditions for total internal reflection?

A

Light must be travelling from a more dense to a less dense medium
Angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle

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47
Q

Describe and explain the action of optical fibres particularly in medicine and communications technology

A

Total internal reflection is used to reflect light along optical fibres
This allows the transmission of data at high speeds on the internet
Optical fibres are used in medicine in order to see within the human body

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48
Q

Exam tip ; )

A

When drawing light reflecting down an optical fibre, make sure that each time it reflects the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.

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49
Q

What is the principal focus?

A

Point where rays parallel to the lens focus

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50
Q

What is the focal length?

A

The distance of the principal focus from the lens

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51
Q

What is the optical centre?

A

The centre of the lens

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52
Q

What is the principal axis?

A

Line that goes through the optical centre

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53
Q

What image will form if the object is between the centre and the focal length?

A

Virtual
Enlarged
Upright

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54
Q

What image will form if the object is between the focal length and twice the focal length?

A

Real
Enlarged
Inverted

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55
Q

What image will form if the object is placed exactly on twice the focal length?

A

Real
Same size
Inverted

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56
Q

What image will form if the object is beyond twice the focal length?

A

Real
Diminished
Inverted

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57
Q

Are real or virtual images projected onto a screen?

A

Real images

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58
Q

Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass

A

The lens should always be held close to the object

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59
Q

What is a real image?

A

An image formed by the convergence of light rays

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60
Q

What is a virtual image?

A

An image formed when the rays appear to come from behind the lens

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61
Q

What is a converging lens also know as?

A

Convex lens

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62
Q

What is a use of dispersion of light?

A

Separating white light

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63
Q

How many colours are there in the spectrum of light?

A

Seven

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64
Q

What are the 7 colours in the spectrum of light?

A

ROY G BIV

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65
Q

Which of the 7 colours of light has the greatest wavelength?

A

Red

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66
Q

Which of the 7 colours of light has the smallest wavelength?

A

Violet

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67
Q

What causes the colours of light to bend by different amounts?

A

They slow down by different amounts

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68
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and speed in prism?

A

The greater the wavelength, the slower the speed

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69
Q

What is light of a single wavelength or single frequency known as?

A

Monochromatic

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70
Q

What are the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays

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71
Q

What mnemonic is used to list the features of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Roman Men Invented Very Useless X-ray Guns

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72
Q

Which of the 7 features of the electromagnetic spectrum has the greatest wavelength?

A

Radio waves

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73
Q

Which of the 7 features of the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

A

Gamma rays

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74
Q

What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

A

3.0 × 10^8

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75
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Radio and television communications

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76
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Satellite television and telephones

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77
Q

What is infrared used for?

A

Electrical appliances
Remote controllers for television
Intruder alarms

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78
Q

What are X-rays used for?

A

Medicine and security

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79
Q

What are the dangers of microwaves?

A

High levels of microwaves cause heating of internal organs

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80
Q

What are the dangers of X-rays?

A

Can harm cells and cause cancer

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81
Q

Why are high levels of microwaves dangerous?

A

Water molecules absorb microwaves strongly

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82
Q

Why are X-rays dangerous?

A

They are highly ionising

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83
Q

How are sound waves produced?

A

Vibrating sources

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84
Q

What type of wave are sound waves?

A

Longitudinal

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85
Q

What is a compression?

A

Space where molecules are bunched together

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86
Q

What is a rarefaction?

A

Space where molecules are spaced out

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87
Q

What is the approximate range of audible frequencies for a healthy human ear?

A

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

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88
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

Sound waves with a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz

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89
Q

What is needed to transmit sound waves?

A

A medium

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90
Q

Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air

A

Two observers are set apart at a known distance
Observer A fires a gun
Observer B starts the stopwatch when he sees the puff of smoke
Observer B stops the stopwatch when he hears the sound
Use the formula speed = distance ÷ time
Observers switch position and repeat the experiment
Values are averaged to obtain speed of sound

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91
Q

What is the speed of sound in gases?

A

330 m/s

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92
Q

What is the speed of sound in liquids?

A

1,500 m/s

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93
Q

What is the speed of sound in solids?

A

5,000 m/s

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94
Q

Which property of a sound wave is related to loudness?

A

Amplitude

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95
Q

Which property of a sound wave is related to pitch?

A

Frequency

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96
Q

How amplitude affect loudness?

A

Greater amplitude results in greater loudness

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97
Q

How frequency affect pitch?

A

Greater frequency results in higher pitch

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98
Q

What is an echo?

A

Reflection of a sound wave

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99
Q

What type of wave are light waves?

A

Transverse

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100
Q

Why does aluminium reflect light well?

A

Smooth, shiny surface, gives clear image as reflect light regularly

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101
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

i=angle of incidence
r=angle of reflection

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102
Q

What is a normal?

A

imaginary line 90’’ to surface of object

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103
Q

what is lateral inversion?

A

when left appears to be right and right appears to be left in a mirror

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104
Q

what is refraction?

A

change of direction of a wave as it enters different medium
due to change in speed of wave
the frequency of a wave never changes!

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105
Q

what happens when light enters a more dense medium?

how does it refract?

A

bends towards the normal

denser substance -> rays slow down

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106
Q

what happens when light leaves the glass block and enters the air (less dense medium)?

how does it refract?

A

bends away from the normal
- paralell with ray of incidence

this is because the medium is less dense, light rays speed up

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107
Q

Why do birds not aim at the fish they see in the water, but instead a location next to it?

A

refraction!

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108
Q

why does the speed change?

refraction

A

medium changes

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109
Q

why does the frequency stay constant?

refraction

A

same number of waves pass a point each second

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110
Q

why does the wavelenth change?

refraction

A

waves travel a smaller distance between when they are created

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111
Q

How is white light split by a prism?

A

different colours refracted by different amounts, as slowed down in varying amounts by the glass

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112
Q

What is refractive index?

equation

A

refractive index = speed of light in a vaccuum/air / speed of light in a substance
No units! should be a small number (1-2.5)

n = C/Cs

eg speed of light (300 000 000 m/s) divided by speed in water (225 000 000 m/s) = 1.33

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113
Q

when you plot a graph of sin i (y) sin r (x), what is represented by the gradient of this directly proportional relationship?

A

refractive index

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114
Q

what is the equation linking refractive index, sin (i) and sin (r)?

A

n = sin (i) / sin (r)

n = refractive index

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115
Q

what is total internal reflection?

A

when light moves from a denser to less dense medium, instead of refracting, all the light is reflected

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116
Q

what are the conditions for total internal reflection?

A

light must be travelling from a higher to lower refractive index (from dense to less dense material, eg glass to air)
Angle of incidence is larger than critical angle

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117
Q

what is the equation that links refractive index with critical angle?

total internal reflecton

A

sin c = 1/n

sin critical angle = 1/refractive index

eg glass critical angle = sinc = 1/1.5
c = sin-1 (1.5)
c= 41.8”

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118
Q

what is the critical angle?

A

angle of incidence (which is critical angle when the angle of refraction is 90”)

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119
Q

what are uses of total interal reflection?

A

optical fibres (communication, beam of light enters optical fibres, refracted as enters the fibre, bu then travels down the fibre through repeated total internal reflection)
endoscopy

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120
Q

why are diamonds so sparkly?

A

have high refractive index, means a small critical angle, thus large proportion of light is totally internally reflected -> v sparkly (if light ray larger than critical angle)

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121
Q

What do waves do?

A

Transfer energy without transferring matter.

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122
Q

Mechanical waves

A

A vibration that travels through a substance.

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123
Q

Longitudinal waves

A

Waves in which the vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

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124
Q

Transverse waves

A

Waves in which the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

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125
Q

Electromagnetic waves

A

Can travel through a vacuum, no medium is needed.

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126
Q

Examples of mechanical waves

A

sound, water, seismic

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127
Q

Examples of electromagnetic waves

A

light, radio, micro

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128
Q

Examples of Transverse waves

A

All electromagnetic waves

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129
Q

Example of longitudinal waves

A

Sound

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130
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of the wave crest.

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131
Q

The bigger the amplitude of the waves…

A

…. the more energy the waves carry.

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132
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from one wavelength to the next.

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133
Q

Frequency

A

The number of wave crests passing a fixed point every second.

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134
Q

Speed of waves

A

Distance travelled by a wave crest every second.

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135
Q

Wave speed (m/s) =

A

Frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (m)

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136
Q

Straight waves

A

Plane waves

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137
Q

Reflection

A

The change of direction in a light ray or wave at a boundary when a wave/ray stays in the incident medium.

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138
Q

Refraction

A

The change of direction of a light ray when it crosses a boundary between two transparent substances.

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139
Q

Diffraction

A

The spreading of waves when they pass through a gap or around the edges of an obstacle.

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140
Q

The smaller the hole…

A

… The greater the diffraction

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141
Q

When is diffraction most noticeable?

A

When the hole is the same size as the wavelength of the wave.

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142
Q

What can diffraction cause?

A

Bad TV and Radio connection

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143
Q

Interference

A

Reinforcement or cancellation of waves when two sets of identical waves overlap.

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144
Q

When waves overlap crest to crest…

A

… constructive interference/ reinforcement takes place

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145
Q

What waves overlap crest to trough…

A

destructive interference/ cancellation takes place.

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146
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Smallest - Largest:
Gamma
X-ray
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Micro
Radio

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147
Q

Units of electromagnetic wave measurement from smallest to largest

A

Picometre
Nanometre
Millimetre
Kilometre

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148
Q

How fast do electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum?

A

300 million m/s

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149
Q

White Light

A

Light from ordinary lamps and the sun

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150
Q

The hotter an object is…

A

… The more infrared radiation it emits.

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151
Q

How does infrared radiation affect the body?

A

It can damage or kill skin cells by heating them up.

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152
Q

Optical fibres

A

The glass fibre used to send light signals along.

Uses infrared radiation.

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153
Q

4 uses of infrared radiation

A

Optical fibres
remote control handsets
infrared scanners
infrared handsets

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154
Q

The shorter the length of radio waves:

A

The more information they can carry.
The shorter their range.
The less they spread out.

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155
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Satellite phones
TV links
Satellite TV
(Can travel between satellites, don’t spread out much so the signal doesn’t weaken as much.)

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156
Q

What are radio waves

A

TV broadcasting
(Can carry more information than longer radio waves)

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157
Q

What are radio waves >1m used for?

A

Local Radio Stations

Have limited range

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158
Q

What are radio waves >100m used for?

A

National and International Radio Stations

Very large range

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159
Q

What do electromagnetic waves carry?

A

Information

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160
Q

What effect does UV radiation have?

A

It is harmful to human eyes and can cause blindness.

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161
Q

What produces gamma rays?

A

Radioactive substances when unstable nuclei release energy.

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162
Q

What produces x rays?

A

When particles moving at high speeds are stopped.

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163
Q

Which are more penetrative: X or Gamma rays?

A

Gamma, they have shorter wavelengths.

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164
Q

Applications of X-Rays

A

X- Rays

To detect internal cracks in metal

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165
Q

3 Uses of Gamma Radiation

A

> Killing bacteria in food
Sterilising surgical equipment
Killing cancer cells.

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166
Q

Safety concern of X-Ray and Gamma

A

Causes ionisation, which can result in cell mutation and death.

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167
Q

How an X-Ray works

A

X-Rays from an X-Ray tube are directed at the patient. A lightproof cassette is placed in the other side of the patient.
X-Rays pass through soft tissue, but are absorbed by bones, teeth and metal.
Where the X-Rays reach the flat-panel detector inside the lightproof cassette it turns darker and creates a clear impression of the bones etc.

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168
Q

How to get an X-Ray of an organ.

A

Give the patient a contrast medium that absorbs x-rays before their scan.

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169
Q

Flat Panel Detector.

A

A small screen that contains a CCD (charge coupled detector), which converts X-Rays to light. The light creates electronic signals which are sent to a computer.

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170
Q

CT scanner

A

Uses X-rays to produce a digital image of any cross section in the body or a three-dimensional image of the body.

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171
Q

Can sound waves travel through a vacuum?

A

They are mechanical: no.

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172
Q

What speed does sound travel at?

A

340m/s

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173
Q

What is a humans frequency range?

A

20 - 20 000 Hz

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174
Q

Echoes

A

Sound waves reflected from a smooth, hard surface.

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175
Q

Loud and High Pitched

A

.

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176
Q

Loud and Low Pitched.

A

.

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177
Q

Increasing the loudness of a sound…

A

… Increases its amplitude.

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178
Q

Increasing the frequency of a sound…

A

…Increases its pitch.

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179
Q

Ultrasound Waves

A

A sound wave undetectable to the human ear (too high)

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180
Q

Positives of ultrasound

A

Non-ionising

Produces images of organ tissues as well as bones.

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181
Q

How does an ultrasound transducer work?

A

The waves it emits are partially reflected by different tissue boundaries in its path.

These return to the transducer as a sequence of pulses that build up an image of the internal body.

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182
Q

Distance travelled by an ultrasound pulse =

A

speed of ultrasound waves in body tissue x time taken.

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183
Q

Angle of incidence =

A

Angle of reflection

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184
Q

Virtual Image

A

An image that cannot be projected on a screen.

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185
Q

Real Image

A

An image that can be projected on a screen.

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186
Q

Image formation by a plane mirror

A

.

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187
Q

When light enters a more dense medium…

A

… it refracts towards the normal

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188
Q

When light enters a less dense medium…

A

… it refracts away from the normal

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189
Q

Dispersion

A

The splitting of white light into the colours of the spectrum.

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190
Q

Snell’s Law

A

refractive index = speed of light in a vacuum (air) / speed of light in the medium.

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191
Q

Refractive Index

A

Measures how much a medium is capable of refracting light.

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192
Q

When a light ray travels from a transparent medium to air at a non-zero angle of incidence:

A

The light ray is refracted away from the normal

the larger the angle of incidence, the larger the angle of refraction.

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193
Q

Total Internal Reflection

A

The total reflection af a light ray in a transparent substance when it reaches a boundary with air or another transparent substance. Only happens if the angle of incidence is bigger than the critical angle.

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194
Q

Critical Angle

A

The angle of incidence of a light ray in a transparent medium that produces refraction along a boundary.

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195
Q

Total Internal Reflection only happens when…

A

… light is trying to enter a less dense medium.

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196
Q

Endoscope

A

Uses TIR to see directly inside the body.

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197
Q

Concave (Diverging) Lens

A

.

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198
Q

Convex (Converging) Lens

A

.

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199
Q

Uses of a convex lens

A

Magnifying Glass, In a camera to create a clear image of a far off object.

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200
Q

Uses of a concave lens

A

To correct short sightedness.

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201
Q

Focal Length

A

The distance from the centre of a lens to where the light rays focus (or, in the case of a concave lens, appear to diverge from.)

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202
Q

Real Image, from a convex lens.

A

.

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203
Q

Virtual Image, from a concave lens

A

.

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204
Q

Magnification of an image =

A

Image height/ Object Height

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205
Q

How to construct a real image/converging lens diagram

A

To form a real image using a converging (convex) lens, the object must be beyond the principal focus, F, of the lens.

Ray 1 is parallel to the axis and is refracted through F
Ray 2 passes straight through the centre of the lens
Ray 3 passes through F and is refracted parallel to the axis

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206
Q

How to construct a virtual/Converging lens diagram

A

.

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207
Q

How to construct a virtual/Converging lens diagram

A
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208
Q

How to construct a virtual/Diverging lens diagram

A

.

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209
Q

How does a camera work?

A

.

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210
Q

What does ‘real is positive’ mean?

A

Real images are given positive focal lengths in the formula, virtual negative.

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211
Q

1/focal length =

A

1/distance from object to lens + 1/distance from lens to image

(1/u + 1/v = 1/f)

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212
Q

A diverging lens…

A

… always gives a virtual image.

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213
Q

Iris

A

Coloured ring of muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye.

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214
Q

Aqueous Humour

A

Transparent watery liquid that supports the front part of the eye.

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215
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent layer that protects the eye and helps to focus light onto the retina.

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216
Q

Pupil

A

the central hole formed by the Iris. Light enters the eye through the pupil.

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217
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

Attached to the lens by Suspensory Ligaments.The muscles change the thickness of the eye lens.

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218
Q

Eye Muscles

A

Move the eye in the socket.

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219
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Carries nerve impulese from the retina to the brain.

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220
Q

Blind Spot

A

Region of the retina that is not sensitive to light (no light sensitive cells present)

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221
Q

Retina

A

The light sensitive cells around the inside of the eye.

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222
Q

Vitreous Humour

A

Transparent jelly-like substance that supports the back of the eye.

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223
Q

Eye Lens

A

Focuses light onto the retina.

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224
Q

Type of lens (Eye vs Camera)

A

Variable focus converging lens

Fixed focus convergin lens

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225
Q

Focusing Adjustment (Eye vs Camera)

A

Ciliary muscles adjust lens position.

Manual adjustment of lens position.

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226
Q

Image produced (Eye vs Camera)

A

Both real, inverted, magnification less than 1.

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227
Q

Image detection (Eye vs Camera)

A

Light sensitive cells on the retina

Photographic Film (or CCD sensors in digital camera)

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228
Q

Brightness Control (Eye vs Camera)

A

Iris controls width of pupil

Adjustment of aperture ‘stop’

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229
Q

Short Sight

A

An eye that can only focus on near objects.

Corrected with a diverging lens.

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230
Q

Long Sight

A

An eye that can only see far away objects.

Corrected with a converging lens.

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231
Q

Power of a lens (D (dioptre)) =

A

1/ focal length (m)

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232
Q

The higher the refractive index of a lens material…

A

… The flatter and thinner the lens can be.

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233
Q

Define a wave

A

A disturbance or oscillation that travels through space and matter accompanied by the transfer of energy

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234
Q

What is propagation of wave?

A

Direction in which waves travel

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235
Q

What is propagation of wave?

A

Direction in which waves travel

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236
Q

What are transverse waves

A

Vibrations of the particles are perpendicular to the direction in which energy transfer

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237
Q

Examples of transverse waves

A

Water waves seismic waves electromagnetic waves

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238
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

Vibrations of the particles are parallel to the direction in which energy transfer

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239
Q

Give examples of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves and earthquake waves

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240
Q

What do longitudinal waves have?

A

Compressions and rarefactions

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241
Q

What is the wavelength?

A

Distance between two successive equivalent points.

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242
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of waves per unit time- Hertz Hz

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243
Q

What is the equation for frequency?

A

F- number of waves/time

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244
Q

What is a period?

A

The time taken for one complete oscillation

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245
Q

What is the equation for a period?

A

Time/ number of waves

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246
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

The maximum displacement from the horizontal axis to the peak

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247
Q

Equation for speed of sound

A

Wave speed= Frequency * Wavelength

248
Q

What is a ray?

A

Direction of travel- perpendicular to wave fronts

249
Q

What is a wave front?

A

Surface over which an optical wave has a constant phase

250
Q

What do circular waves have?

A

Circular wave fronts

251
Q

What do plane waves have?

A

Plane wave fronts

252
Q

What does the pitch depend on?

A

The frequency of the source of sound

253
Q

What does a high frequency produce?

A

High pitch noise

254
Q

What does a large amplitude produce?

A

A louder sound

255
Q

What type of wave is a light wave?

A

Transverse waves

256
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

3 * 10^8 m/s

257
Q

Where does light travel faster?

A

In low dense media

258
Q

What type of wave in a sound wave?

A

Longitudinal

259
Q

Where does sound travel fastest?

A

In denser media

260
Q

Where does sound travel fastest?

A

In denser media

261
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A

330 m/s

262
Q

What is the speed of sound in water?

A

1500 m/s

263
Q

What is the speed of sound in solid?

A

5000 m/s

264
Q

How does light travel?

A

In straight lines

265
Q

Give the three different wave effects

A

Reflection, Diffraction and Refraction

266
Q

What happens to light waves when they enter a dense medium?

A

Bend towards the normal

267
Q

What happens to sound waves when they enter a dense medium?

A

Bend away from the normal

268
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

Between 20Hz and 20 kHz

269
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

Frequencies with above 20kHz

270
Q

What are luminous objects?

A

Emit their own light

271
Q

What are non-luminous objects?

A

They bounce off the light or they reflect the light so we can see them

272
Q

What is monochromatic light?

A

Waves that have a single frequency

273
Q

When does reflection of light happen?

A

When the light meets a boundary like a mirror, paper and surface of water

274
Q

What is the normal ray?

A

It is a virtual line that is perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence

275
Q

What is the incident angle?

A

Angle between normal and incident ray

276
Q

What is the reflected ray?

A

Angle between the normal and reflected ray

277
Q

What are the laws of reflection?

A

Angle of incidence= Angle of reflection

Incident wave, reflected wave and the normal lie in the same plane

278
Q

What will happen to the wavelength, frequency and the speed after the reflection?

A

Nothing will change

279
Q

What is the image produced from reflection?

A

Same size, up right down, literally inverted, and virtual

280
Q

How can we distinguish an echo?

A

0.1 s

281
Q

How are good echo produced?

A

The distance between the reflector and the sound source is more than 30 meters.
The area of a reflector is large compared to the wavelength of the incident sound
The incident sound is high pitched

282
Q

What do we use echo for?

A

To survey the depth and nature of the seabed

283
Q

What is refraction?

A

When waves enters from one medium to the other medium, it changes its direction depending upon the angle of incidence because of the change in speed

284
Q

What happens when a ray of light travels from a dense medium to a less dense medium?

A

Its speed and wavelength increases and the ray bends away

285
Q

What happens when white light enters a prism?

A

Red is deviated bent off course least by prism- violet light is deviated most

286
Q

What is the order of the colours in the spectrum?

A

Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet

287
Q

Give the refractive index equation

A

Speed of light in air/speed of light in medium

288
Q

What is snell’s law?

A

n1 sin θ1= n2 sinθ2

289
Q

What are the conditions of total internal reflection?

A

The light must travel from denser to to less dense

Its incident angle more than critical angle

290
Q

What is the critical angle equation ?

A

Sinθ= 1/n

291
Q

What is an optical fibre?

A

A thin rod of high quality glass and very little light is absorbed by the glass

292
Q

What method does the optical fibre use?

A

Undergoes repeated total internal reflection even when the fibre is bent

293
Q

Where are optical fibres used?

A

Used in endoscopes to allow surgeons to see inside their patients and they can carry huge amounts of information as pulses of light.

294
Q

What is the focal point?

A

Where parallel light rays converge after the lens

295
Q

Describe the image formed when an object is very far way from a convex lens 3F.

A

Image is real, inverted and the image is smaller

296
Q

Describe the image formed when when an object is two focal points from a convex lens.

A

Real inverted and smaller

297
Q

Describe the image formed is between one and two focal lengths from the convex lens.

A

Real, inverted and larger

298
Q

Describe what happens when an object is one focal length from a convex lens

A

The lines do not intersect

299
Q

Describe the image formed is half focal lengths from the convex lens.

A

virtual, enlarged upright

300
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The spreading out of waves as they pass through a gap or by an obstacle

301
Q

What does a big gap in the barrier cause?

A

The disturbances are very small

302
Q

What does a small gap cause?

A

The circular disturbances are massive compared to the undisturbed wave front

303
Q

When does maximum diffraction happen?

A

When the width of the gap is equal to the wavelength of the waves

304
Q

How can sound diffract?

A

Through a doorway or around buildings

305
Q

What type of sound diffracts the best and why?

A

Low pitch- because they have a long wave length compared with the width so they spread our more

306
Q

What happens when ultrasound is diffracted?

A

There is little spreading which makes sharp focusing of ultrasound easier- good for medical scanning

307
Q

What are properties of EM waves?

A

They travel the same speed in a vacuum

308
Q

What waves are EM waves?

A

Transverse waves

309
Q

Give the order of the EM waves

A

Radio
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-ray
Gamma Ray

310
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Amateur FM radio- TV broadcasts

311
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A

Mobile phones
Heating effect in microwaves
TV and communications

312
Q

What is infrared used for?

A

Radiant heaters, toasters
TV remote controllers
Security alarms
Optical fibers

313
Q

What is ultraviolet used for?

A

Sterilising equipment to kill bacteria

314
Q

Why is ultraviolet dangerous?

A

It can cause skin cancer and may damage the retina and cause blindness

315
Q

What is X-ray used for?

A

Treat cancer
Detect weapons in luggage
To take photographs that reveal flaws of metals

316
Q

What is gamma ray used for?

A

To take photographs
Killing bacteria
Treat cancer
Sterilizing food and medical equipment

317
Q

Wavelength = ?

Units?

A

Wave speed = wavelength * frequency

Wave speed (m/s)
Wavelength (m)
Frequency (Hz)

318
Q

Frequency = ?

A

F = 1/T

Frequency (Hz)

319
Q

Refractive index = ?

using the speed of light

A

Refractive index = speed of light in air / speed of light in medium

or

n = C in air / C in medium

320
Q

Refractive index = ?

using sin

A

Refractive index = sin(i) / sin(r)

321
Q

Two types of waves?

Define
Give examples of each (3)

A

LONGITUDINAL

The vibrations of the wave are along the same direction of energy transfer
Ultrasound, seismic waves and slinky when you push the end

TRANSVERSE

The vibrations of the wave are at 90 degrees to the direction of energy transfer
EM waves, ripples of water and slinky spring when waved up and down

322
Q

Define total internal reflection

A

When angle C (critical angel) is smaller than the angel of incidence. This means that all rays are reflected and none are refracted.

323
Q

Explain polarisation and give an example

A

Only transverse waves can be polarised.
Transverse waves are polarised when their vibrations are restricted to one plane only
e.g.

Sunglasses that reduce glare

324
Q

When does it happen?

1-Refraction

2-Diffraction

3-Reflection

A

1-Wave travels through a material but changes direction. The angel of refraction is less than the angel of incidence

2-Waves spread out when they meet a gap. The more narrow the gap the more the wave is diffracted

2-When waves rebound off material such as a plane mirror

325
Q

Critical angel?

Sin(C) = ?

A

1/n

326
Q

List the EM waves starting from the one with the lowest frequency

A

RADIO WAVES
MICRO WAVES
INFRARED
VISIBLE
ULTRAVIOLET
X-RAY
GAMMA RAY

327
Q

Which property of a sound wave should be increased in order to make the sound louder?

A

amplitude

328
Q

Which property of a sound wave should be increased in order to make a higher pitched sound?

A

frequency

329
Q

What equation can we use to measure frequency of a sound wave on an oscilloscope?

A

frequency (Hz) = 1/t (s)

330
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20 hz - 20,000 hz

331
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

longitudinal

332
Q

Sound waves can be ________ and __________.

A

Sound waves can be reflected and refracted.

333
Q

Describe how you could measure the speed of sound in air

A

Use the tape to measure a distance of 50 metres from the wall.Now clap your hands and check you can clearly hear an echo from the wall. Make sure the echo isn’t coming from other walls in the area. The time it takes sound to run 100 metres is the time difference between when you clap and when you hear the echo.However, measuring that single short burst of time is difficult.Now clap repeatedly in time with the echo, so that you can only hear your own clap (the echo is masked by your next clap)Now measure the time it takes to clap 10 times. Get a friend to start the stopwatch at the first clap and end it when you hear the echo of the 10th clap.We now know how long it takes for sound to travel 1 kilometre.Now we can calculate the speed of sound using: speed = distance/time

334
Q

What type of waves are light waves?

A

transverse

335
Q

Light waves can be ________ and __________.

A

Light waves can be reflected and refracted.

336
Q

Describe an experiment to investigate the refraction of light.

A

Get two identical cups and place them side by side. Place a coin at the bottom of both cups. Fill one cup with water. Now look at the coins. Do they appear to be in the same place or even the same depth?You can also make a hidden coin appear as if by magic. This time just use one cup. Put the coin in against one side of the cup. Move your head until you just can’t see the coin any more. Now pour in water and, alla kazam, it appears!

337
Q

Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index glass.

A

We can find the value of n for a glass block by using a ray box and a semicircular block.To do the experiment it is necessary to try a few angles of incidence and measure both the angle of incidence and the refracted angle. You would complete a table as you go.

338
Q

Describe the role of total internal reflection in the transmission of information along optical fibres.

A

Light entering a periscope meets a triangular prism. It is then reflected down the tube of the periscope where it meets another prism. Finally, it is reflected at this prism out to the observer.

339
Q

State the meaning of the critical angle c

A

Angle of incidence that gives an angle of refraction of 90°
Light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium

340
Q

State the meaning of the critical angle c

A
341
Q

A material has a reflective index of 1.5. Calculate the size of x.

A

sin i / sin r = n sin 48 / sin r = 1.5 sin 48 / 1.5 = sin r 0.743/1.5 = sin r 0.495 = sin r r = sin-1 0.495 r = 29.7o x = 90 - 29.7 = 60.3o

342
Q

A material has a refractive index of 1.45. Calculate the size of x.

A

sin i / sin r = n sin i / sin 30 = 1.45 sin i / 0.5 = 1.45 sin i = 1.45 x 0.5 sin i = 0.725 i = sin-1 0.725 = 46.5o x = 90 - 46.5 = 43.5o

343
Q

A material has a refractive index of 1.35. Calculate the size of x.

A

53.7

344
Q

A material has a refractive index of 1.3. Calculate the size of x.

A

sin i / sin r = n sin i / sin 40 = 1.3 sin i / 0.643 = 1.3 sin i = 1.3 x 0.643 sin i = 0.836 i = sin-1 0.725 = 56.7o x = 90 - 56.7 = 33.3o

345
Q

Describe the role of total internal reflection in the transmission of information along optical fibres.

A

In recent years, the biggest use of total internal reflection is in transmitting information using fibre optics. Light travelling along an optical fibre is continuously reflected along the length of the fibre. No light can escape from the fibre. The light can be modulated to carry information.

346
Q

Name the uses and dangers of radio waves

A

Uses - Broadcasts and communication.Dangers - none.

347
Q

Name the uses and dangers of microwaves

A

Uses - Cooking, satellite transmissions, mobile phonesDangers - Internal heating of body tissue

348
Q

Name the uses and dangers of infrared

A

Uses - Heaters, thermal imaging, night vision equipmentDangers - Burns skins

349
Q

Name the uses and dangers of visible light

A

dangers - strong light causes damage to vision

350
Q

Name the uses and dangers of ultraviolet

A

skin cancer and blindness

351
Q

Name the uses and dangers of x-rays

A

mutations in cells and severe burns to the skin

352
Q

Name the uses and dangers of x-rays

A

mutations in cells and severe burns to the skin

353
Q

Name the uses and dangers of gamma rays

A

cancers and cell mutation

354
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of microwaves

A

small metal grid in microwave door prevents microwaves getting out

355
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of infra-red

A

distance - don’t get too close to the hot object (e.g. electric fire)

356
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of visible ligtht

A

we are adapted to reduce intake of light through our eyes when too bright - the pupil in our eyes becomes smaller in bright light and bigger in dim light.Wearing sunglasse or dark glass. e.g. welders wear dark glass.

357
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of ultraviolet

A

Eyes - sunglasses, hatsSkin - suncream or sunblock. Wearing clother or special garments like rashies.

358
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of x-rays

A

The technician sits behind a lead screen or lead infused glass to protect from x-rays.

359
Q

How can we protect ourselves from the dangers of gamma rays

A

Nuclear power stations have massive sheilding from lead and concrete

360
Q

What type of wave is this?

A

Transverse

361
Q

What type of wave is this?

A

Longitudinal

362
Q

A sound wave has a frequency of 1000Hz. Calculate the period of one wave.

A

T = 1/f

T = 1/1000

T = 0.001 s

363
Q

A water wave has a period of 5s. Calculate the frequency of the waves.

A

f = 1/T

f = 1/5

f = 0.2Hz

364
Q

Calculate the period of a wave with frequency 200Hz.

A

Calculate the period of a wave with frequency 200Hz.

T = 1/f

T = 1/200

T = 0.005 s

365
Q

Calculate the frequency of a wave with a period of 0.02s.

A

f = 1/T

f = 1/0.02

f = 50Hz

366
Q

A sound wave has a frequency of 4000Hz and a wavelength of 8.5 cm. Calculate its speed.

A

v = fλ

v = 4000 x 8.5cm

v = 4000 x 0.085 m

= 340 ms-1

367
Q

Calculate the frequency of a radio signal with wavelength 250 m.

A

v = fλ

f = v/λ

All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed of 3 x 108 m/s.

f = 3 x 108/250

f = 3 x 108/2.5 x102

f = 3 x 108-2/2.5

f = 3 x 106/2.5

f = 1.2 x 106 Hz

368
Q

Calculate the frequency of a sound wave of wavelength 10cm travelling at 330 ms-1

A

v = fλ

f = v/λ

f = 330/10cm

f = 330/0.1

f = 3300Hz

369
Q

Calculate the wavelength of red light which has a frequency of 4.6 x 10 ^14 Hz.

A

v = fλ

λ = v/f

λ = 3 x 10 ^8/4.6 x 10 ^14

λ = 3 x 10 ^(8-14)/4.6

λ = 3 x 10 ^-6/4.6

λ = 0.652 x 10 ^-6

λ = 6.52 x 10 ^-7m

370
Q

Calculate the frequency of violet light which has a wavelength of 450nm

A

v = fλ

f = v/λ

f = 3 x 10 ^8/450nm

f = 3 x 10 ^8/450 x 10^-9

f = 3 x 10 ^8/4.5 x 10^-7

f = 3 x 10 ^8-(-7)/4.5

f = 3 x 10 ^15/4.5

f = 0.667 x 10^15

f = 6.67 x 10^14Hz

371
Q

Name the parts of the wave

A

A - Crest

B - Amplitude

C - Wavelength

D - Trough

372
Q

The number of waves that pass a point every second is called it’s __________________.

A

frequency

373
Q

The time it takes one wave to pass a point is called a _________.

A

period

374
Q

Describe diffraction.

A

Diffraction is when waves bend around obstructions, edges or through gaps.

375
Q

How to waves look when they diffract through a gap the same size as the wavelength?

A

The waves are circular

376
Q

How do waves look when they diffract through a large gap?

A

The waves will be straight with curved edges.

377
Q

What are waves?

A

a means of transferring energy

378
Q

What doesn’t happen with waves?

A

There is no transfer of matter

379
Q

What are transverse waves?

A

Waves where the direction of energy transfer is perpendicular to the direction of oscillations

380
Q

What are longitudinal waves?

A

Waves where the direction of energy transfer is along the direction of oscillations

381
Q

What is an example of a transverse wave?

A

light, waves travelling on the surface of water

382
Q

What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

A

sound

383
Q

What is amplitude?

A

the maximum movement of particles from their resting position caused by a wave

384
Q

What happens when waves strike a concave barrier?

A

They become curved and are made to converge

385
Q

What happens when waves strike a convex barrier?

A

They are made to diverge and spread out.

386
Q

What happens when waves enter a shallower region?

A

their wavelength becomes shorter and because the frequency is constant the velocity also decreases

387
Q

What happens when the waves enter the deeper region?

A

their wavelength increase and so does the velocity

388
Q

What is necessary for refraction to occur?

A

the boundary between the shallow water and the deep water is at an angle to the direction in which the waves are moving

389
Q

What happens when waves enter shallow vs deep region?

A

Shallow: bend towards normal and slow down

Deep: bend away form the normal and speed up

390
Q

What are the common features to all electromagnetic waves?

A

they are all transverse

they all travel at 3x108 m/s

they can all be diffracted, refracted and reflected

they all transfer energy

391
Q

What is the wave with the longest wavelength?

A

radio

392
Q

Which wave has the most penetrating power?

A

gamma

393
Q

Which is the most high frequency wave?

A

gamma

394
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

broadcasting and communication

reflect of ionosphere

395
Q

How are radio waves produced?

A

They are emitted by a transmitter, cross an aerial and the information is receives as they are detected

396
Q

What detects radio waves?

A

TV aerials and radio

397
Q

What are the uses of microwaves?

A

cooking, radar and satellite transmissions

398
Q

How do microwaves heat food?

A

The waves cause water to vibrate more and increase there amplitude. This increase in kinetic energy is essentially an increase in temperature and so the water molecules become very hot.

The food is cooked throughout not just on the outside

399
Q

What are the dangers of microwaves?

A

They can heat human tissue

400
Q

How are the dangers of microwaves reduced?

A

Microwaves have metal screens that reflect them and keep them inside the oven.

401
Q

How are microwaves used for communication?

A

The waves pass through the Earth’s atmosphere and are used to carry signals to orbiting satellites.

They also carry messages sent from phones so therefore can pass through solids (glass/brick)

402
Q

What do all objects do?

A

emit IR

403
Q

What makes more IR be emitted?

A

If something is hotter

404
Q

What detects IR?

A

skin, blackened thermometers, IR cameras

405
Q

What are the uses of IR?

A

night vision equipment, remote controls for TV, stereo and videos

cooking in grills and toasters

optical fibres

406
Q

Why are IR used for remotes?

A

They have a low penetrating power and so are unlikely to interact with other signals.

407
Q

What are the dangers of IR?

A

skin burning and if cells absorb too much they are killed/damaged

408
Q

What emits visible light and detects it?

A

luminous objects

detected by the eye, cameras, LDRs and photographic film

409
Q

What are the uses of Visible light?

A

seeing

light from lasers is used to read compact discs and barcodes

optical fibres: communication and seeing inside the body

410
Q

Which colour has the longest wavelength?

A

red light

411
Q

What is the frequency of red light like?

A

low frequency

412
Q

What are the dangers of UV light?

A

blindness - harmful to eyes

skin cancer - damage to skin

413
Q

How does UV light cause cancer?

A

causes cancer by ionizing cells under skin surface

414
Q

What is UV light used in?

A

UV tanning lamps

some chemicals fluoresce when exposed to UV light

415
Q

What is helping to reduce UV light?

A

ozone absorbs it

416
Q

What does fluorescence mean?

A

an object that absorbs UV light and emits visible light

417
Q

What emits X-rays?

A

X-ray tubes

418
Q

What detects X-rays?

A

photographic film

419
Q

What are X-rays used for?

A

in radiography to observe internal objects of the body

security checks in airports

in the industry to check the internal structures of objects for cracks etc

420
Q

What are the dangers of X-rays?

A

excessive exposure can cause cancer

421
Q

How can you protect against X rays?

A

stand behind a lead screen

protective clothing

422
Q

How can you protect against X rays?

A

stand behind a lead screen

protective clothing

423
Q

What are gamma rays emitted by?

A

radioactive material

424
Q

What are gamma rays detected by?

A

Geiger- Muller tube

425
Q

What are the uses of gamma rays?

A

sterilise medical equipment

kill micro-organisms so food keeps for longer

radiotherapy

426
Q

What are the dangers of Gamma?

A

They have a high penetrating power causing mutations in genes that can lead to cancer.

A small dose can cause cells to become cancerous and a large dose can kill cancer cells.

427
Q

What are the benefits of analogue signals?

A

when the signal is amplified so too is the noise which weakens the clarity of the signal

if signals have a similar frequency they interfere with each other and it is difficult to distinguish each signal

Quantisation (when a continuous range is rounded) can give rise to a loss of lots of INFO

wider range of frequencies are needed to broadcast an analogue signal

428
Q

What are the benefits of digital signals?

A

regeneration of signal is clear and exact as noise is ignored easily

Many signals can be transmitted at once with one cable

Quantisation doesn’t lose any information so more info can be transmitter in smaller space without any COMPROMISE on the quality of the signal

More programmes can be broadcast over the same frequencies

Digital systems are easier to design and build

Digital systems deal with easy to process data

Can be handled by microprocessors

Wider bandwidth so the response is clearer yet the noise is lower

Carries more info than analogue because the generator can switch between two values quickly in short space of time compared to analogue where the values are so wide ranging it takes longer to generate

429
Q

Why can digital signals carry more info?

A

They can also squeeze in more programmes, because digital signals can carry more information per second than analogue signals.

When quantisation occurs less info is lost therefore more info is carried. Also they have a large bandwidth.

430
Q

What is an analogue signal?

A

Analogue signals can vary in frequency, amplitude or both continuously.

431
Q

What are digital signals?

A

Digital signals are a series of pulses consisting of just two states, ON (1) or OFF (0). There are no values in between.

432
Q

Explain the meaning of the critical angle

A

When light travels from one medium to another it is refracted; it changes angle due to change in density.
Past a certain angle the light will simply be refracted back into the medium it is in, this angle is the critical angle.

433
Q

What is light?

A

a transverse wave

434
Q

What are the characteristics of images in a plane mirror?

A

image is as far behind as the object is in front

virtual

same size

laterally inverted

435
Q

What is refraction?

A

when a ray of light travels from air into glass or water it slows down as it crosses the boundary between the two media.

This change in speed may cause the ray to change direction; refract.

436
Q

What is the formula for refractive index?

A

n = sin i / sin r

n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in material

437
Q

What happens when the angle of incidence is less than the Ac?

A

A ray of light is refracted as it passes from a more dense medium to less dense one, but a small ray of light is also reflected.

438
Q

What happens when the angle of incidence is equal to the Ac?

A

The light is refracted at 90 degrees to the normal and there is also a small reflected ray

439
Q

What happens when the angle of i is more than the Ac?

A

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION; light reflected back into the denser medium…no refraction occurs

440
Q

What is the formula for the c?

A

sin c = 1/n

441
Q

What can ruin the clear image in a plane mirror?

A

Several faint images form around the main image due to partial internal reflections at the non-silvered glass surface of the mirror

442
Q

How are these extra faint images removed from the mirror?

A

When high quality images are required prisms are used to alter the direction of light rather than mirrors.

443
Q

Where are prisms used?

A

bicycle reflectors and binoculars

444
Q

What is an optical fibre made of?

A

an outer cladding of less optically dense glass and an inner core of optically dense glass

445
Q

How is TIR achieved?

A

The fibres are very narrow so light entering the inner core always strikes the boundary of the two glasses at an angle greater than the Ac.

No light escapes b/c all is Reflected.

446
Q

What are large numbers of OP.FIBRES called?

A

bundle

447
Q

What is done to bundles?

A

tapered to produce a magnified image

448
Q

How does an endoscope work?

A

Light travels down one bundle and illuminates object to be viewed

Light that is reflected by the object travels up a second bundle of fibres

an image of the object is created by the eyepiece

449
Q

How are optical fibres used in modern telecommunications?

A

Electrical signals from telephone converted to light pulses by tiny lasers

The light pulses are sent into the ends of an op.fibres

Light sensitive detector at the other end changes the pulses back to electrical signals

These then flow into the telephone receiver; earpiece

450
Q

What happens when white light passes through a prism?

A

it emerges as a band of colours; spectrum

451
Q

Why is a spectrum formed?

A

White light is a mixture of colours and each colour travels through at a different speed so each colour is refracted by a different angle.

452
Q

What is dispersion?

A

When each different colour of the spectrum emerges from the prism travelling in a different direction b/c each colour is refracted by a differing amount

453
Q

Why does red light disperse the least?

A

The smaller the wavelength of the passing light, the greater is the refractive index observed. Therefore because red has the longest wavelength is deviates the least.

The deviation depends directly on the refractive index. As white light passes through prism, violet, the minimum wavelength, observes maximum refractive index for the prism and since deviation depends directly on the ref index, the violet wavelength gets deviated to the maximum extent.

454
Q

How do we hear sounds?

A

These vibrations (compressions and rarefactions) of air particles reach our ears and cause the eardrum to vibrate. The vibrations are converted to electrical signal which are detected by the brain.

454
Q

What can be done to sound waves?

A
454
Q

What are sound waves?

A

Sound waves are longitudinal waves

455
Q

How are sound waves produced?

A

by objects vibrating

456
Q

How does a speaker cone create a sound?

A

As the cone moves L and R it pushes air molecules close together; COMPRESSION.

These particles push against neighbouring particles so that the compression appears to be moving right.

Behind the compression is a region where the particles are spread out; RAREFACTION.

By vibrating several times the cone has created a series of compressions and rarefactions travelling away from it. A LONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVE.

457
Q

What can sound waves travel through best?

A

solids because there are more particles closer together to transmit the sound wave more quickly

458
Q

Why can sound waves not travel in a vacuum?

A

there are no particles to carry the vibrations

458
Q

Experiment to show that sound doesn’t travel in a vacuum?

A

Put a bell in a jar and ring it. We can see and hear the bell therefore light and sound travel in air. But when air is removed we can only see the bell so sound doesn’t travel in a vacuum.

458
Q

Why is sound energy transferred much faster in liquids and solids?

A

the particles are much closer together meaning it is easier to transfer sound energy and more QUICKLY

459
Q

How to measure speed of sound with echoes?

A

Stand 50m from a wall and clap your hands 20 times
An echo will be heard soon after each clap.
Time how long it takes for 20 echoes to be heard.
The sound altogether travelled 100m there and back 20 times
The speed is 2000 x the time measured!

460
Q

How to measure sound speed with resonance tube?

A

Tuning fork produces vibrations and known frequency
The sound wave is reflected at the water boundary
If the tube is the right length (1/4 wavelength) the reflected wave will reinforce the original one giving a large amplitude and louder sound that can be heard.

RESONANCE

The first resonance is heard when the length of the air in the tube is 1/4 wavelength. When the sound is heard the length of air tube is measured and multiplied by 4 to get the full wavelength.
v = f x l

461
Q

How to measure the speed of sound with an oscilloscope?

A

Set up simple generator, two microphones and an oscilloscope
Set generator to give sound of frequency 1 kHz
Start microphones close together and move apart until they are a complete wavelength away (trace on oscilloscope are exactly one above the other)
Measure the distance between the two microphones
Frequency can be found from the oscilloscope by doing 1/T
Speed is calculated by v = f x l

462
Q

What is a reflected sound wave?

A

an echo

463
Q

What is special when a sound waves strikes a surface?

A

the angle of incidence = angle of reflection

464
Q

How does SONAR work?

A

Sound waved are emitted from the ship and travel to the seabed.

Equipment on the ship detects some of the sound waves that are reflected by the seabed.

The depth of the seabed can be calculated from the time between sending the sound wave and detecting the echo.

465
Q

If fish are below the ship the reflected sound wave is distorted. Why are there two pulses of lower amplitude than the original?

A

The fish and seabed pulses have smaller amplitudes than the original because…

Not all of the pulse is reflected by the fish or the seabed.

Some ultrasound will be absorbed by the fish/water/seabed

Some ultrasound will be scattered and not return to the boat

Because reflection is taking place at different depths in the shed the sharp pulse becomes longer when it returns to the boat.

466
Q

When is there optimum diffraction?

A

When the gap is near to the wavelength

467
Q

What is a high pitch?

A

When the thing producing the sound vibrates quickly and so, produces sound waves with a high frequency.

468
Q

What is a low pitch?

A

When the thing producing the sound vibrates slowly and so, produces sound waves with a low frequency.

469
Q

What is frequency?

A

number of waves/second

470
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hz

471
Q

What do the peaks and troughs represent on the CRO for sound waves?

A

peak = compression
trough = rarefaction

472
Q

What is the audible range for humans?

A

20Hz to 20000 Hz

473
Q

What is sound above and below the audible range?

A

ultrasound and infrasound

474
Q

How is something shown to be loud on the CRO?

A

High amplitude

475
Q

How is something shown to be quiet on the CRO?

A

Small amplitude

476
Q

How is something made loud?

A

If the strings are struck hard lots of energy is transferred to them from whatever it has been struck with. The moves the particles even more from their equilibrium position and so we interpret the sound as louder.

Here the sound waves are transferring more energy.

477
Q

How is something made quiet?

A

If it is struck gently the compressions created are less dense and less energy is transferred by the sound waves

478
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

The frequency is above the human range (20,000 Hz)

479
Q

What are medical uses of ultrasound?

A

pre-natal scanning
removal of kidney/gall stones
repair of damaged muscle/tissue
removing plaque from teeth

480
Q

Describe the differences between ultrasound waves emitted by the transducer and those detected back at it

A

Reflected Waves:

lower frequency
longer wavelength
less intensity (amplitude decreased)

481
Q

Describe the features of X rays and what happens when they enter the body

A

Description of an X-ray

X-rays are electromagnetic waves / part of the electromagnetic spectrum

X-rays are (very) high frequency (waves) through a vacuum at the speed of light

X-rays are (very) high energy (waves)

X-rays have a (very) short wavelength

Wavelength (of X-rays) is of a similar size to (the diameter of) an atom

X-rays are a transverse wave - oscillations / vibrations are
perpendicular to direction of energy transfer

X-rays are ionising radiation

Statement(s) as to what happens to X-rays inside the human body:

X-rays are absorbed by bone
X-rays travel through / are transmitted by tissue / skin

482
Q

Describe the features of ultrasound and what happens when it enters the body

A

Description of ultrasound

ultrasound has a frequency above 20 000 (hertz) so therefore beyond the human (upper) limit (of hearing)

ultrasound is a longitudinal wave – oscillations / vibrations (of
particles) are parallel to direction of energy transfer

Statement as to what happens to ultrasound inside body:

ultrasound is (partially) reflected at / when it meets a boundary between two different media

travel at different speeds through different media

Statement as to what happens to ultrasound inside body:

ultrasound is (partially) reflected at / when it meets a boundary between two different media

travel at different speeds through different media

483
Q

Why are X rays dangerous to use for prenatal scanning?

A

Ionizing

Damage cells/DNA/chromosome and nucleus

Cause mutations

Kill cells

Produce abnormal growth and so make cells cancerous

484
Q

Why can astronauts not hear from outside their space suits?

A

Sound cannot travel through a vacuum as there is no medium in which vibrations can be set up and no particles to vibrate

485
Q

Why does sound reflected at a boundary decrease when metal is changed to glass?

A

Less sound is reflected

Some sound is absorbed by/passes through glass

486
Q

If the wavefronts are short, what colour will it appear as?

A

blue

487
Q

If the wavefronts are long, what colour will it appear as?

A

red

488
Q

What is the period of a wave?

A

the time it takes for one complete wave to pass a point

489
Q

define a wave:

A

the transfer of energy without transferring matter

490
Q

what is the same for all waves on the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

travel at the same speed through a vacuum

491
Q

what is the range for human hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz

492
Q

name the waves on the EM spectrum in order:

A

radio, micro, infra red, visible, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays

493
Q

What is a use of radio waves?

A

broadcasting and communication

494
Q

what is a use of microwaves?

A

cooking and satellite communication

495
Q

what is a danger of microwaves?

A

internal heating of tissue

496
Q

what is a use of infra red?

A

heating, thermal imaging

497
Q

what is a danger of infra red?

A

skin burns

498
Q

what is a use of visible light?

A

photography

499
Q

what is a use of ultraviolet?

A

fluorescence

500
Q

what is a danger or UV?

A

blindness, damage to surface skin cells

501
Q

what is a danger of x rays?

A

cancer + mutations

502
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

A wave whose oscillations are perpendicular to to the direction of the wave’s propagation

503
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

A wave whose oscillations are parallel to the direction of the wave’s propagation

504
Q

Name an example of a transverse wave

A

Water wave; light wave; EM radiation

505
Q

Name an example of a longitudinal wave

A

Sound waves

506
Q

Define amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest (undisturbed) position

507
Q

Define frequency

A

The number of oscillations per second

508
Q

Define wavelength (λ)

A

The distance (in metres) between the same points in an oscillation and the next (e.g. between two crests)

509
Q

Define the period of a wave

A

The time taken for one oscillation

510
Q

What do waves do?

A

Transfer energy and information without transferring matter

511
Q

wave speed =

A

v=fλ

512
Q

List all of the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radio waves; Microwave; Infra red; Visible light; Ultra-violet; X-Rays; γ-Rays

513
Q

What are uses of radio waves?

A

Broadcasting; communication

514
Q

What are uses of microwaves?

A

Cooking food and satellite transmissions

515
Q

What are uses of infra red waves?

A

Heating and night vision equipment

516
Q

What are uses of visible light?

A

Optical fibres and photography

517
Q

What are uses of ultra violet rays?

A

Fluorescent lamps

518
Q

What are uses of X-Rays?

A

Internal imaging; medical scans

519
Q

What are uses of γ-Rays?

A

Sterilising food and medical equipment

520
Q

What are dangers of microwaves?

A

Internal heating of cells

521
Q

What are dangers of infra red waves?

A

Burning skin

522
Q

What are dangers of UV rays?

A

Blinding; damage to surface cells

523
Q

What are dangers of γ-Rays?

A

Cancer; mutations

524
Q

What type of waves are EM rays?

A

Transverse waves

525
Q

What is the law of reflection?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

526
Q

Refractive index =

A

n = sin i/sin r

527
Q

What is total internal reflection (TIR)

A

When all of the light from an incident ray is reflected back inside the original medium; when the angle of INCIDENCE is GREATER than the CRITICAL angle; when a light ray moves from an optically denser to less dense material

528
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

The angle of incidence where the angle of refraction = 90°; the angle of incidence at which all light is totally internally reflected

529
Q

sin C

A

sin C = 1/n

530
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

Longitudinal

531
Q

What is the human frequency for hearing?

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz (20000 Hz)

532
Q

An ambulance is producing sound represented by wave 2

Which wave would represent the sound an observer would hear as the ambulance approached them?

A

Wave 3.

The frequency of the sound would increase and wavelength decrease as the ambulance approached the observer.

533
Q

What is the use of UV radiation?

A

produced by tanning bed lights to tan skin

used to detect conterfeit money

used to clean water

534
Q

Give three properties (features) common to all EM waves

A

They all…

travel at the speed of light

all transverse waves

all transfer energy and information without transferring matter

all travel through a vacuum

535
Q

Which wave has the largest wavelength?

A

wave 1

largest distance between adjacent crests

536
Q

How can you make a transverse wave with a slinky?

A

Move your hand in a side to side movement

537
Q

List the EM spectrum in order of decreasing frequency

A

Gamma

X-ray

UV

Visible

IR

Microwave

Radio

538
Q

What is blueshift in terms of movement of stars or galaxies?

A

If a star is moving towards the observer, the wavelength of the light it is producing is squashed.

The observer sees light of a smaller wavelength and higher frequency- it is a different colour as it is shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum

539
Q

What is redshift in terms of movement of stars or galaxies?

A

If a star is moving away from the observer, the wavelength of the light it is producing is stretched.

The observer sees light of a larger wavelength and lower frequency- it is a different colour as it is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum

540
Q

How is wavespeed, wavelength and frequency related?

A

wavespeed = wavelength x frequency

v = velocity
f= frequency
λ = wavelength

541
Q

Label the compressions, rarefactions and wavelength on the longitudinal wave below

A

.

542
Q

What is 204 nm in m?

A

204 x 10-9 m

0.000 000 204 m

543
Q

What is the Doppler effect?

A

When there is a change in frequency (wavelength) of sound (or light) an object is producing as a result of it moving away or towards an observer.

544
Q

How can you make a longitudinal wave with a slinky?

A

move your hand in a forwards and backwards movement

545
Q

Sketch a graph of how frequency varies with time as an object approaches an observer, passes them and then travels away from them.

A

.

546
Q

How would you measure the frequency of waves passing a jetty?

A

Time how long it take for 10 waves to pass the end of the jetty

frequency = 10 waves / time for 10 waves to pass

547
Q

An ambulance is producing sound represented by wave 2

Which wave would represent the sound an observer would hear as the ambulance travelled away from them?

A

Wave 1.

The frequency of the sound would decrease and wavelength increase as the ambulance moves away from the observer.

548
Q

Fred noticed that 10 waves passed a point in 5 seconds. What is the frequency of the wave?

A

frequency = 10 waves/ 5 s

= 2 Hz

549
Q

What is 700 micrometres in metres?

A

700 x 10-6 m

0.0007 m

550
Q

What is a wavefront?

A

A wavefront connects all points on a wave which are moving in phase

551
Q

Fred noticed that 10 waves passed a point in 5 seconds. What is the period of the wave?

A

Time period = 5 seconds / 10 waves

= 0.5 seconds for one wave to pass

552
Q

Which wave has the largest amplitude?

A

wave 2

It has the largest displacement from the equilibrium

553
Q

What is the unit for time period?

A

seconds or s

554
Q

What is the unit for amplitude?

A

metres (m) or decibels(dB)

555
Q

What has a larger wavelength?

Infrared or gamma?

A

Infrared

556
Q

Match the following terms with their definition

Frequency
How far a wave travels in one second
Wavelength
The number of waves going past in one second
Wave speed
The length of one repeat of the wave pattern

A

frequency- the number of waves going past in one second

wavelength- the length of one repeat of the wave pattern

wave speed- how far a wave travels in one second

557
Q

Why are UV waves dangerous?

A

They can damage the retina and damage eye sight

They can cause skin cancer

558
Q

What is the use of microwaves?

A

produced by microwaves to cook food

produced by mobile phones to communicate

Produced by satellites to send signals to satellite dishes

559
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Where the oscillation is 90° to the direction of wave travel

560
Q

How do the waves of red light differ from waves of violet light

A

ROY G BIV

Red light-larger wavelength and lowe frequency- it has less energy

Blue light- smaller wavlength and higher frequency- it has more energy

561
Q

What are the uses of infrared radiation (IR)

A

emitted by ovens to cook food

emitted by radiators to heat houses

emitted by tv controllers to control t.v.

562
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency of a wave?

A

As wavelength increases, frequency decreases

They are inversely proportional

563
Q

What is the use of X-rays?

A

Used to detect breaks in bones

used to detect crystal structure in salts

564
Q

List the EM spectrum in order of increasing frequency

A

Radio

Microwave

IR

Visible

UV

X-ray

Gamma

565
Q

What is 13 kHz in Hz?

A

13 x 103 Hz

13 000 Hz

566
Q

Fred noticed that 10 waves passed a point in 5 seconds. The waves are 4 metres apart. What is the speed of the wave?

A

frequency = 10 waves/ 5 s

= 2 Hz

wavespeed = frequency x wavelength

= 2 Hz x 4 m

= 8 m/s

567
Q

What is the relationship between time period and frequency?

A

time period = 1 / frequency

or

frequency = 1 / time period

568
Q

List the EM spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength

A

Radio

Microwave

IR

Visible

UV

X-ray

Gamma

569
Q

How is gamma radiation dangerous?

A

It can cause mutations in cells- cancer

570
Q

How are X-rays dangerous?

A

They can cause mutations of cells- cancer

571
Q

Which parts of the EM spectrum is considered to be dangerous?

A

UV

X-ray

Gamma

572
Q

Label the wavelength, amplitude, crest and trough of the transverse wave below

A

.

573
Q

How is infrared dangerous?

A

It can cause skin burns if too hot

574
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

Where the oscillation is along the direction of wave travel.

575
Q

Give three examples of a longitudinal wave

A

sound

shock wave

P wave

576
Q

What are the uses of radio waves?

A

radio signal for radio

radar

walkie talkie signals

t.v. signals

577
Q

What are the uses of gamma radiation?

A

Used to kill cancer tumours

used to sterilise medical equipment

emitted by radioisotope tracers to detect cancer in the body

578
Q

How do you calculate the frequency of a water wave?

A

frequency = number of waves/ time for those waves to pass a pointfrequency = number of waves/ time for those waves to pass a point

579
Q

If a star is moving very quickly away from an observer it is possible that the light can no longer be observed with the naked eye. Explain.

A

The light’s wavelength is shifted so far to the red end of the spectrum that its wavelength is the same as infrared light and is invisible to the naked eye.

580
Q

What does monochromatic mean?

A

Light of a single wavelength or colour.

581
Q

What is 100 MHz in Hz?

A

100 x 10^6 Hz

100 000 000 Hz

582
Q

What is the unit for wavelength?

A

metre or m

583
Q

Give three examples of a transverse wave

A

water wave

any EM wave

S wave

584
Q

List the EM spectrum in order of increasing wavelength

A

Gamma

X-ray

UV

Visible

IR

Microwave

Radio

585
Q

Which wave has the highest frequency?

A

wave 3

it has more waves per second

586
Q

The frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz. What is the time between two dots it prints?

A

time period = 1 / frequency

time period = 1 / 50

= 0.02 seconds

587
Q

How are all the EM radiation different?

A

They have….

different wavelengths

different frequencies

therefore they have different uses and dangers

588
Q

What is the unit for wavespeed?

A

metre per second or m/s

589
Q

Galaxies rotate

If one side of the galaxy is moving toward us and one side is moving away from us, what would we observe in terms of the light we receive from each side of the galaxy?

A

Side moving towards us will be blueshifted, the light will have a smaller wavelength and higher frequency- shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum

Side moving away from us will be redshifted, the light will have a large wavelength and lower frequency- shifted towards the red end of the spectrum

590
Q

What is the use of visible light?

A

produced by light bulbs to see things

produced by bioluminescent creature to attract prey

591
Q

What is the unit for frequency?

A

Hertz or Hz

592
Q

How is sound created?

A

sound is created by vibrations

593
Q

List some properties of sound

A

it is a lonitudinal wave
it is created by a vibration
it cannot travel through a vacuum
it can travel through a solid, liquid or gas
it can have different frequencies or pitch
it can be reflected and diffracted

594
Q

How does speed of sound in air relate to temperature? Explain

A

As temperature of air increases, speed of sound decreases.

Particles in warm air are more spread out and collisions between particles are more difficult

595
Q

Sound is a series of compressions and rarefactions.

How does the speed of sound compared in a solid, liquid and gas? Explain

A

Sound travel faster through a solid than a liquid and gas.

Sound is a vibration which is transferred from particle to particle via collisions.

Solid particles are closer together and have stronger forces between them- vibrations are passes between particles more quickly

596
Q

How can speed of sound through air be measured in a laboratory?

A

connect two microphones to a microsecond timer
place the two microphones 2.00 metres apart using two metre rules
place padding under each microphone to prevent sound travelling through the table
create a sharp sound behind the first microphone
record the time it takes for the sound to travel from microphone 1 to microphone 2
repeat five times and calculate the mean time
calculate the speed of sound through air by
s = 2.00 m / mean time

597
Q

How can speed of sound through a lab bench be measured in a laboratory?

A

connect two microphones to a microsecond timer
place the two microphones face down on a lab bench 2.00 metres apart using two metre rules
create a sharp tap to the lab bench behind the first microphone
record the time it takes for the sound to travel from microphone 1 to microphone 2
repeat five times and calculate the mean time
calculate the speed of sound through air by
s = 2.00 m / mean time

598
Q

How can speed of sound through air be measured in the playground?

A

stand exactly 50.00 metres from a large wall of a building
strike two metal bars repeatedly until a ryhthm is set up and the metal bar is being hit together at the same time the echoes returns.
start the stopwatch on one strike and time 20 complete strikes.
This time is how long it take the sound to travel to and from the wall 20 times or 100.00 x 20 = 2000 m
speed of sound is s = 2000 m / time

599
Q

Speed of sound can be measured accurately using a stopwatch.

If a starting pistol is used, the people timing must start the stopwatch when they see the smoke from the pistol and then stop it when they hear the sound.

How can you ensure that the speed of sound is measured accurately and what assumption is made?

A

very large distances must be used as human reaction time introduces large uncertainties in time measurements
The assumption is that the light reaches the person immediately.

600
Q

The position of imperfections in a metal can be located using ultrasound.

An ultrasound pulse is sent into the metal and reflections received. If the speed of sound in the metal is 5000 m/s and the echo received 20 microseconds later.

How can the distance to the imperfection be calculated?

A

20 microseconds = 0.00002 s

divide time by 2

time to imperfection = 0.00002 s / 2 = 0.00001 s

d = s x t

distance = 5000 m/s x 0.00001 s = 0.05 m or 5 cm

601
Q

Bats locate their prey by echosounding.

They use pulses of ultrasound and listen for the echo with their large ears. If the time between the pulse and echo is small, the insect is closer to the bat.

Name another animal which uses echo sounding.

A

dolphins

602
Q

When calculating the distance in an echosounding question, what is the most common error?

A

The distance calculated from the speed of sound and time for echo must be divided by two!

603
Q

What is the human hearing range?

A

20 - 20 000 Hz

604
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

Any sound over 20 000 Hz

605
Q

Ultrasound is used to image babies in the womb.

An image is formed on the screen if reflections are received from the different surfaces (layers) of the baby.

How does the time for the reflection relate to the distance to the surface?

A

The further the surface is from the ultrasound transmitter/receiver, the longer it takes for the echo to return.

606
Q

The distance to a storm can be calculated using the lightning seen and the thunder heard.

What assumption is made in this calculation?

A

Lightning makes thunder. Flash is seen instantly.

0 seconds

607
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave measured in?

A

decibels

Loudness or volume

608
Q

If low frequency is low pitch sound.

What is high frequency sound?

A

High frequency = high pitch

609
Q

As the pitch of sound increases, what happens to the distance between the compressions?

A

distance between compressions decreases

610
Q

What property of ultrasound allows it to be used for cleaning?

A

Ultrasound is a vibration, the vibrations loosen dirt in hard to reach areas.

611
Q

What property of ultrasound allows it to be used to break up kidney stones?

A

Concentrated beams of ultrasound are absorbed by the kidney stone, vibrations occur in the kidney stone and this breaks it up into small pieces.

612
Q

What type of wave is sound?

A

Longitudinal

vibrations are parallel to direction of wave travel

Physics Flashcards (7 decks)

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