3. Violent offending

Question 1

Definition of violence

Answer 1

Threatening acts likely to result in injury

Question 2

Who emphasised the importance of psychological trauma?

Answer 2

Butler Committee (1975)

Question 3

Who stated that sexual offences are violent due to the psychological harm caused?

Answer 3

Criminal Justice Act (1991); Crime Sentences Act (1997)

Question 4

Violent crime is recorded by…

Answer 4

Police Recorded Data

Crime Survey England and Wales (CSEW)

Question 5

2 categories of violent crime

Answer 5

violence with injury

violence without injury

Question 6

CSEW also categorise violent crime by…

Answer 6

offence type (wounding/assault with minor injury/assault without injury/robbery)
victim-offender relationship

Question 7

Recording violent crime by victim-offender relationship - types of violence

Answer 7

Domestic violence
Stranger violence
Acquaintance violence

Question 8

Domestic violence

Answer 8

wounding/assault involving partners/ex-partners/relatives/household members

Question 9

Stranger violence

Answer 9

wounding/assault when the victim knows nothing about the offender

Question 10

Acquaintance violence

Answer 10

wounding/assault where the victim knows the offender by sight

Question 11

Instrumental violence

Answer 11

A means to an end, e.g. financial gain

Question 12

Expressive violence

Answer 12

Gain gratification, emotion/feeling

Question 13

Types of domestic violence

Answer 13

physical
emotional
psychological
financial
sexual

Question 14

Clare’s Law

Answer 14

Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme
Launched 2014
Gives the public a right to ask police when they have concerns about their own partner or a family member’s
Police and partner agencies carry out checks
Police consider sharing information
DV victims are most at risk when they leave

Question 15

What to do with a potential offender

Answer 15

Assess - how much of a risk?
Manage - how to manage their behaviour?
Treatment/rehabilitation

Question 16

Violence assessments (Monahan & Steadman 1994)

Answer 16

Risk factors used to predict violence
Type of violence and likely harm predicted
Probability that violent act will actually occur

Question 17

SARA (Spousal Assault Risk Assessment)

Answer 17

20 item checklist used to assess violent offenders

• criminal history
• psychological adjustment
• psychosocial adjustment
• spousal assault history
• index office

Question 18

Who argued for an interactive approach? And what makes the approach interactive? And why?

Answer 18

Limandri and Sheridan (1995):
More accurate predictions when you consider interactive factors, e.g. gender, marital status, use of disinhibiting agents (e.g. drugs, alcohol), availability of victims and weapons

Question 19

Kemshall (1999)

Answer 19

Literature review
Indicators for violence prediction:
* history of violence
* substance misuse
* mental illness

Question 20

Why assess violent offenders?

Answer 20

Predict future violence
Inform the pre-sentence
Target interventions appropriately - e.g. anger management strategies

Question 21

Examples of assessment tools

Answer 21

Checklists, actuarial predictors of risk, multivariate statistical analysis

Question 22

Intervention techniques

Answer 22

Developing victim empathy
Role playing event
Explore and deconstruct rationalisations for violent behaviour
Rehearse alternative responses