3 - Three Claims, Four Validities

Question 1

Association claim

Answer 1

A claim about two variables, in which the level of one variable incentive very systematically with the level of another variable, such that when one variable changes, the other variable tends to change too.

Question 2

Causal claim

Answer 2

A claim arguing that a specific change in one verbal is responsible for influencing the level of another variable.

Question 3

Claim

Answer 3

The argument an author or scientist is trying to make.

Question 4

Conceptual definition

Answer 4

A researcher’s definition of a variable at an abstract level.

Question 5

Constant

Answer 5

Something that could potentially very but that has only one level the study in question.

Question 6

Construct validity

Answer 6

A measure of how well the variable was measured or manipulated in a study.

Question 7

Correlate

Answer 7

covary.

To occur or vary together systematically (as two variables).

Question 8

Covariance

Answer 8

One of the three rules for establishing causation, stating that the propose causal variable must vary systematically with changes in the proposed outcome variable.

Question 9

Curvilinear association

Answer 9

And association in which, as one variable increases, the level of the other variable changes it’s pattern (such as increasing and then decreasing).

Question 10

Dependent variable

Answer 10

In an experiment, the variable that is measured, or the outcome variable. In a regression analysis, the single outcome, or criterion variable, that the researchers are most interested in understanding or predicting.

Question 11

Experiment

Answer 11

A study in which one variable is manipulated and the other is measured.

Question 12

External validity

Answer 12

A measure of how well the results of the study generalized to, or represent, individuals or context besides those in the study itself.

Question 13

Frequency claim

Answer 13

A claimed that describes a particular rate or level of the single variable.

Question 14

Generalizability

Answer 14

The extent to which the subjects in a study represent the populations they are intended to represent; how well the settings in a study represent other settings or context.

Question 15

Independent variable

Answer 15

A variable that is manipulated in an experiment. In the regression analysis, it is the variable used to explain variance in the criterion variable.

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

The ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables.

Question 17

Manipulated variable

Answer 17

A variable in an experiment that researchers control by assigning participants to its different levels.

Question 18

Measured variable

Answer 18

A variable in a study whose levels are observed and recorded.

Question 19

Negative association

Answer 19

An association in which high levels of one variable go with low levels of the other variable.

Question 20

Operational definition

Answer 20

operationalization.

The specific way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in this study.

Question 21

Positive association

Answer 21

And association in which high levels of one variable go with high levels of the other variable, and low levels of one variable go with low levels of the other variable.

Question 22

Random assignment

Answer 22

The use of a random method (e.g. flipping a coin) to assign participants into different experimental groups.

Question 23

Scatterplot

Answer 23

A graphical representation of an association, in which each dot represents one participant in the study measured on two variables.

Question 24

Statistical validity

Answer 24

statistical conclusion validity.

The extent to which statistical conclusions derived from the study are accurate and reasonable.

Question 25

Temporal precedence

Answer 25

One of the three rules for establishing causation, stating that the proposed causal variable comes first in time, before the proposed outcome variable.

Question 26

Value

Answer 26

One of the possible variations, or levels, of a variable.

Question 27

Variable

Answer 27

And attribute that varies, having at least two levels, or values.

Question 28

Zero association

Answer 28

Zero correlation.

A lack of systematic association between two variables.

Question 29

Three rules for causation

Answer 29

Covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity.