3. The Papacy and Latin Christian violence, c.1071-1099

Question 1

When was the college of cardinals that elected popes established?

Answer 1

1059

Question 2

What was the power that popes claimed as Peter’s spiritual successor?

Answer 2

Petrine Authority

Question 3

What was the conflict that erupted between papacy and German emperor?

Answer 3

Investiture

Question 4

What was investiture about the control over the appointment of?

Answer 4

bishops

Question 5

When did Henry IV resume appointing bishops to the anger of Gregory VII?

Answer 5

June 1075

Question 6

Which archbishopric was the flashpoint for the papal and imperial conflict in 1075?

Answer 6

Milan

Question 7

Which candidate did Henry IV successfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?

Answer 7

Tedald

Question 8

Which candidate did Gregory VII unsuccessfully put forward as archbishop of Milan?

Answer 8

Atto

Question 9

Where, in 1078, did Gregory VII forbid lay investiture?

Answer 9

Roman Synod

Question 10

Where was Henry IV trapped between 1092 and 1097?

Answer 10

Verona

Question 11

Who was recognised as a rival pope by Henry IV between 1080 and 1100?

Answer 11

Clement III

Question 12

Who was pope between 1073 and 1085?

Answer 12

Gregory VII

Question 13

Who was pope between 1086 and 1087?

Answer 13

Victor III

Question 14

Who was pope between 1088 and 1099?

Answer 14

Urban II

Question 15

When did Gregory VII offer to help Byzantium in response to Manzikert?

Answer 15

March 1074

Question 16

Which mother of Henry IV did Gregory VII hope to recruit to aid Byzantium in 1074?

Answer 16

Agnes

Question 17

Who did Gregory VII excommunicate in 1078 for usurping the Byzantine throne?

Answer 17

Nikephorus III

Question 18

Which seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and was excommunicated by Gregory VII?

Answer 18

Alexius I

Question 19

Where did Henry IV beg barefoot for forgiveness in the snow for three days in January 1077?

Answer 19

Canossa

Question 20

Which Norman leader did Gregory VII forge an alliance with?

Answer 20

Robert Guiscard

Question 21

Which document, written by Gregory VII, laid out powers claimed by the papacy?

Answer 21

Dictatus Papae

Question 22

What was the name given to laymen who fought on the pope’s behalf?

Answer 22

Milites Christi

Question 23

Who was the most loyal supporter of Gregory VII in Italy?

Answer 23

Matilda of Tuscany

Question 24

Who organised a papally backed expedition to Spain in 1073?

Answer 24

Ebles of Roucy

Question 25

Which key city was captured from the Muslims in Spain in 1085?

Answer 25

Toledo

Question 26

Which Spanish city did Urban II encourage Christians to rebuild?

Answer 26

Tarragona

Question 27

Which ‘fanatical’ group revived Muslim power in Spain after 1087?

Answer 27

Almoravids

Question 28

Where did Gregory VII die in exile in May 1085?

Answer 28

Salerno

Question 29

Which event in 1064-65 had demonstrated the danger in Palestine?

Answer 29

Great German Pilgrimage

Question 30

Which Muslim territory did the papacy support the Norman conquest of?

Answer 30

Sicily

Question 31

What was an attempt to limit Christians from killing certain Christian people?

Answer 31

Peace of God

Question 32

What was an attempt to limit Christians killing each other at certain times?

Answer 32

Truce of God

Question 33

In what year was the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople?

Answer 33

1054

Question 34

What was the collective name given to the five ancient seats of Christian power?

Answer 34

Pentarchy

Question 35

What was Ebles of Roucy accused of repeatedly plundering which casts doubt on his piety?

Answer 35

The Church

Question 36

What was belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy?

Answer 36

Cult of saints

Question 37

What was a relic that had become holy through proximity to a saint?

Answer 37

Brandea

Question 38

What was a relic that was literally a part of a saint and was usually the focus of pilgrimage?

Answer 38

Bodily relic

Question 39

What was a desire to travel to holy places, the most important of which was Jerusalem?

Answer 39

Pilgrimage

Question 40

What was an act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins, possibly including pilgrimage?

Answer 40

Penance

Question 41

When was the council of Clermont that launched the First Crusade?

Answer 41

November 1095

Question 42

Which Muslim people posed the greatest threat to Byzantine Anatolia at this time?

Answer 42

Seljuk Turks

Question 43

What was a promise made to crusaders that previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part?

Answer 43

Remittance of sins

Question 44

What meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder?

Answer 44

Sanctified violence

Question 45

What was the clash between killing and sin that was solved by sanctified violence?

Answer 45

Knightly dilemma

Question 46

What were natural phenomena ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the crusade?

Answer 46

Signs and Wonders

Question 47

Who was crusader motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion as he was already very wealthy?

Answer 47

Raymond of Toulouse

Question 48

Who was a German count who led his ‘crusading’ forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland?

Answer 48

Emicho

Question 49

Who was a charismatic preacher and leader of the People’s crusade, he was religiously motivated?

Answer 49

Peter the Hermit

Question 50

What was motivating factor can best be seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin on the First Crusade?

Answer 50

Economic greed

Question 51

What was an increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with very little?

Answer 51

Primogeniture

Question 52

Which pope had first promised an indulgence to those who fought in Spain in 1063?

Answer 52

Alexander II

Question 53

Who was the Norman Crusader hated by Alexius I, known for his bravery and skill, looking for land and wealth?

Answer 53

Bohemond

Question 54

What was a motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles?

Answer 54

Feudal ties

Question 55

Which social tie played an important role in the participation of crusader leaders like Baldwin and Tancred?

Answer 55

Kinship

Question 56

Whose family had longstanding connections and friendship with the Byzantium and a history of pilgrimages?

Answer 56

Robert of Flanders

Question 57

Who was a crusader motivated by social pressure from his wife and family?

Answer 57

Stephen of Blois

Question 58

Who was close to Urban II and was sent to represent him as his papal legate on the First Crusade?

Answer 58

Bishop Adhemar

Question 59

Which pope had asked the Normans to conquer Sicily from Muslims in the name of Christianity in 1059?

Answer 59

Nicholas II

Question 60

Which Muslim city in North Africa was attacked by Genoa and Pisa in 1087?

Answer 60

Mahdia

Question 61

Which pope supported the attack on Mahdia in 1087?

Answer 61

Victor III

Question 62

Which Christian leader fought for Christian and Muslim states in Spain?

Answer 62

El Cid

Question 63

Who led a papally-backed campaign to Spain to fight Muslims in 1073?

Answer 63

Ebles of Roucy

Question 64

Who did the Normans use in their armies that casts doubt on their religious motivation?

Answer 64

Muslim soldiers

Question 65

What did the Normans offer to the Muslims that they ruled in Sicily?

Answer 65

Religious freedom

Question 66

Which Christian ruler of Leon had an alliance with the Muslim prince al-Qadir?

Answer 66

Alfonso VI

Question 67

What did Alfonso VI accept from Muslim states to avoid attacking them?

Answer 67

Tribute

Question 68

Which pope backed campaigns in Spain against Muslims in 1073, 1078 and 1080?

Answer 68

Gregory VII

Question 69

Which pope launched the First Crusade as a form of Holy War in 1095?

Answer 69

Urban II