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FI > 3) The Collapse of Liberal Italy and the Rise of Fascism > Flashcards

3) The Collapse of Liberal Italy and the Rise of Fascism Flashcards

1
Q

When was the occupation of Fiume by D’Annunzio?

A

1919

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2
Q

How much did membership of Socialist Trade Unions increase by from 1918 to 1920?

A

1918- 250,000

1920- 2 million

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3
Q

How much did unemployment increase to after the end of the war?

A

2 million in 1919

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4
Q

By how much did membership to the Socialist party increase by from 1914-1919?

A

1914- 50,000

1919- 200,000

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5
Q

When was the Russian Revolution?

A

1917

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6
Q

How much of the vote did the Socialists receive in the 1919 election?

A

32.4%

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7
Q

How did Nitti’s government deal with Socialism?

A

It plead with employers to make concessions to the workers instead of crushing them

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8
Q

What were Italy denied in the Treaty of St.Germain, and why was it a mutilated victory?

A

Fiume, Dalmatia and no colonies in Africa

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9
Q

How many armed men did D’Annunzio use to take Fiume?

A

2000

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10
Q

What Fascist newspaper did Mussolini work for?

A

Il Popolo d’Italia

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11
Q

How many seats did the Liberals win in the 1919 election?

A

180/ 508

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12
Q

When was Poplari (PPI) founded?

A

1919

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13
Q

Who was the leader of the PPI?

A

Don Sturzo

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14
Q

Who was Prime Minister during the seizure of Fiume?

A

Nitti

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15
Q

When did Giolitti become Prime Minister again following the war?

A

1920 following Nitti’s resignation

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16
Q

When was there a huge Socialist lockout during Giolitti’s tenure at Prime Minister?

A

September 1920

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17
Q

How many workers were involved in the lockouts in September 1920?

A

400,000

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18
Q

What was Giolitti’s reaction to the worker’s lockout of 1920?

A

He didn’t do anything, which enraged Industrialists- made the government look weak and turned their backs on the elites

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19
Q

Where were agricultural strikes common?

A

The Po Valley, Tuscany and Umbria

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20
Q

What did the Socialist Unions demand?

A

Higher wages, better working conditions

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21
Q

How many provinces were Socialists in control of?

A

29/ 69 most of them in the North

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22
Q

Where was the a Socialist riot in November 1920?

A

Bologna

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23
Q

Why did many turn to Fascist groups?

A

To protect them from the violent Socialists (talk of collectivisation and higher wages)

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24
Q

What punishment for Socialists became the trademark for Fascist squads?

A

Forcing them to drink castor oil

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25
Q

Where were strongholds of Fascist squads?

A

Tuscany and Emilia Romagna

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26
Q

Squadrismo

A

Fascist squads

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27
Q

Ras

A

Local Fascist squad leaders

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28
Q

Which of the Ras believed in a coup d’etat

A

Farinacci, Balbo, Grandi

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29
Q

How many seats did the Fascist Party receive in the election of 1921?

A

35- 7% of the vote

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30
Q

Which party won the most votes in the 1921 election?

A

The PSI with 123 seats

31
Q

How did Giolitti manage to keep the Liberals in power following the 1921 election?

A

The Liberals formed a coalition with the PPI

32
Q

Why did the PPI remove their support for a coalition with the Liberals after the election of 1921?

A

Giolitti had proposed a tax which would have hit the Vatican’s financial investments

33
Q

Who were the leaders of major factions within the Liberal Party?

A

Giolitti, Facta, Salandra, Orlando

34
Q

Where were food riots in 1917, and how many deaths were caused?

A

Turin. 50

35
Q

Why was there instability in the country side following the end of the war?

A

Half of the Italian army had been formed from Italian, peasant conscripts, so angry soldiers were returning home to nothing

36
Q

What treaty declared Fiume an independent state as part of the deal which would relieve Italy on their claim of Dalmatia?

A

The Treaty of Rapallo- November 1920

37
Q

When was the occupation of Fiume ceased?

A

Christmas day 1920

38
Q

What were the repercussions of the occupation of Fiume?

A

The Liberal government again appeared weak, cowardly, and unpatriotic, it encouraged Italians to turn to one of the growing extremist problems

39
Q

When was universal male suffrage introduced?

A

December 1918

40
Q

How did Nitti try to block the extremist parties?

A

Altered the electoral system to proportional representation based on party lists of the 54 giant constituencies

41
Q

How did the Liberals manage to stay in power following the 1919 election?

A

They formed a coalition with the Popolari in June 1920

42
Q

When and what was the Biennio Rosso?

A

1919-1920 - “The Two Red Years”

43
Q

What were the reasons for high Socialist levels during the Biennio Rosso?

A

High levels of inflation, high levels of unemployment and the demobilisation of the Italian army

44
Q

How many industrial strikes were there in 1919?

A

1663

45
Q

What were the methods of the Socialists during the Biennio Rosso?

A

Factory lockouts, strikes

46
Q

What was the coalition formed after the 1921 election?

A

The National Blocs

47
Q

Who made up the coalition government following the 1921 election?

A

The Italian Liberal Party, The Italian Fascist Party, The Nationalist Association and The Social Democratic Party

48
Q

What was the main Socialist trade union called?

A

CGL- General Confederation of Labour

49
Q

How many workers were involved in factory occupations in September 1920?

A

400,000

50
Q

What was the main trade union in the countryside?

A

The Labour League

51
Q

What was the aim of the Labour Leagues?

A

That the land would become nationalised, and made into collective farms

52
Q

Where was the meeting of the first Fascists?

A

Milan- March 1919

53
Q

Who were present at the meeting of the first Fascists in Milan in March 1919?

A

Marinetti (leader of the pre-war Futurists)
Vecchi (leader of the Arditi)
Benito Mussolini

54
Q

What were the main aims of the Fascists in their first meeting in March 1919?

A

Replacing the monarchy with a republic, confiscating the property of the Catholic Church, Peasant ownership of the land and worker management of industry, tax the rich, a national minimum wage, votes for women

55
Q

Who did Mussolini form a private army with?

A

Several Hundred Arditi

56
Q

When did Fascism become prominent in rural areas?

A

1920

57
Q

Squadristi

A

Fascist squads in rural areas

58
Q

Pact of Pacification

A

1921- a deal signed between the Fascist and Socialist Trade Unions (CGL) to bring peace between the two groups in fear that the government would take action

59
Q

What was the outcome of the Pact of Pacification in 1921?

A

It was rejected by several of the ras

Mussolini had to abandon the pact in order to keep the Fascists from splitting

60
Q

When was the PNF officially formed?

A

October 1921

61
Q

What did Balbo organise in May 1922 in a response to high levels of unemployment in Ferrara?

A

50,000 unemployed men occupied Ferrara and demanded public work schemes to be set up

62
Q

When did the Socialist Party split into Socialists and Communists?

A

January 1921

63
Q

Alliance of Labour

A

July 1922- A failed 24 hour strike attempt called by Socialist Trade Unions- shows support for the Socialists was dwindling

64
Q

What did Mussolini’s speech on Fascist intentions proclaim. And when did he give this speech?

A

September 1922

Fascism wouldn’t threaten the position of the king or the army

65
Q

How did Facta prepare to resist Mussolini’s threat of a march of Rome?

A

Reinforced Rome’s military, the King would establish martial law (however when the time came the king refused to sign it, so no martial law was established)

66
Q

What caused Facta’s resignation?

A

The King refused to declare martial law

67
Q

Who did the King appoint as Prime Minister following Facta’s resignation?

A

Salandra

68
Q

Who did Salandra include in his Cabinet?

A

Four Fascists, but Mussolini rejected the offer

69
Q

Why did Salandra fail to form a government?

A

He would not have Fascist co-operation

70
Q

Who was appointed as Prime Minister after Salandra’s failed attempt to form a government?

A

Mussolini

71
Q

How many Fascists were involved in the March on Rome?

A

70,000

72
Q

Who should be blamed for Mussolini’s appointment as Prime Minister?

A

Victor Emmanuel- for actually appointing him
Facta had called for martial too late to make an effective stand
Salandra had failed to form a government
Giolitti had stayed away

73
Q

When was Mussolini appointed as Prime Minister?

A

29nd October

74
Q

When did Mussolini nearly emigrate?

A

After the loss of the 1919 election

FI (11 decks)

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