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FI > 3) The Collapse of Liberal Italy and the Rise of Fascism > Flashcards

3) The Collapse of Liberal Italy and the Rise of Fascism Flashcards

1
Q

When was the occupation of Fiume by D’Annunzio?

A

1919

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2
Q

How much did membership of Socialist Trade Unions increase by from 1918 to 1920?

A

1918- 250,000

1920- 2 million

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3
Q

How much did unemployment increase to after the end of the war?

A

2 million in 1919

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4
Q

By how much did membership to the Socialist party increase by from 1914-1919?

A

1914- 50,000

1919- 200,000

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5
Q

When was the Russian Revolution?

A

1917

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6
Q

How much of the vote did the Socialists receive in the 1919 election?

A

32.4%

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7
Q

How did Nitti’s government deal with Socialism?

A

It plead with employers to make concessions to the workers instead of crushing them

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8
Q

What were Italy denied in the Treaty of St.Germain, and why was it a mutilated victory?

A

Fiume, Dalmatia and no colonies in Africa

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9
Q

How many armed men did D’Annunzio use to take Fiume?

A

2000

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10
Q

What Fascist newspaper did Mussolini work for?

A

Il Popolo d’Italia

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11
Q

How many seats did the Liberals win in the 1919 election?

A

180/ 508

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12
Q

When was Poplari (PPI) founded?

A

1919

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13
Q

Who was the leader of the PPI?

A

Don Sturzo

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14
Q

Who was Prime Minister during the seizure of Fiume?

A

Nitti

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15
Q

When did Giolitti become Prime Minister again following the war?

A

1920 following Nitti’s resignation

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16
Q

When was there a huge Socialist lockout during Giolitti’s tenure at Prime Minister?

A

September 1920

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17
Q

How many workers were involved in the lockouts in September 1920?

A

400,000

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18
Q

What was Giolitti’s reaction to the worker’s lockout of 1920?

A

He didn’t do anything, which enraged Industrialists- made the government look weak and turned their backs on the elites

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19
Q

Where were agricultural strikes common?

A

The Po Valley, Tuscany and Umbria

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20
Q

What did the Socialist Unions demand?

A

Higher wages, better working conditions

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21
Q

How many provinces were Socialists in control of?

A

29/ 69 most of them in the North

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22
Q

Where was the a Socialist riot in November 1920?

A

Bologna

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23
Q

Why did many turn to Fascist groups?

A

To protect them from the violent Socialists (talk of collectivisation and higher wages)

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24
Q

What punishment for Socialists became the trademark for Fascist squads?

A

Forcing them to drink castor oil

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25
Where were strongholds of Fascist squads?
Tuscany and Emilia Romagna
26
Squadrismo
Fascist squads
27
Ras
Local Fascist squad leaders
28
Which of the Ras believed in a coup d'etat
Farinacci, Balbo, Grandi
29
How many seats did the Fascist Party receive in the election of 1921?
35- 7% of the vote
30
Which party won the most votes in the 1921 election?
The PSI with 123 seats
31
How did Giolitti manage to keep the Liberals in power following the 1921 election?
The Liberals formed a coalition with the PPI
32
Why did the PPI remove their support for a coalition with the Liberals after the election of 1921?
Giolitti had proposed a tax which would have hit the Vatican's financial investments
33
Who were the leaders of major factions within the Liberal Party?
Giolitti, Facta, Salandra, Orlando
34
Where were food riots in 1917, and how many deaths were caused?
Turin. 50
35
Why was there instability in the country side following the end of the war?
Half of the Italian army had been formed from Italian, peasant conscripts, so angry soldiers were returning home to nothing
36
What treaty declared Fiume an independent state as part of the deal which would relieve Italy on their claim of Dalmatia?
The Treaty of Rapallo- November 1920
37
When was the occupation of Fiume ceased?
Christmas day 1920
38
What were the repercussions of the occupation of Fiume?
The Liberal government again appeared weak, cowardly, and unpatriotic, it encouraged Italians to turn to one of the growing extremist problems
39
When was universal male suffrage introduced?
December 1918
40
How did Nitti try to block the extremist parties?
Altered the electoral system to proportional representation based on party lists of the 54 giant constituencies
41
How did the Liberals manage to stay in power following the 1919 election?
They formed a coalition with the Popolari in June 1920
42
When and what was the Biennio Rosso?
1919-1920 - "The Two Red Years"
43
What were the reasons for high Socialist levels during the Biennio Rosso?
High levels of inflation, high levels of unemployment and the demobilisation of the Italian army
44
How many industrial strikes were there in 1919?
1663
45
What were the methods of the Socialists during the Biennio Rosso?
Factory lockouts, strikes
46
What was the coalition formed after the 1921 election?
The National Blocs
47
Who made up the coalition government following the 1921 election?
The Italian Liberal Party, The Italian Fascist Party, The Nationalist Association and The Social Democratic Party
48
What was the main Socialist trade union called?
CGL- General Confederation of Labour
49
How many workers were involved in factory occupations in September 1920?
400,000
50
What was the main trade union in the countryside?
The Labour League
51
What was the aim of the Labour Leagues?
That the land would become nationalised, and made into collective farms
52
Where was the meeting of the first Fascists?
Milan- March 1919
53
Who were present at the meeting of the first Fascists in Milan in March 1919?
Marinetti (leader of the pre-war Futurists) Vecchi (leader of the Arditi) Benito Mussolini
54
What were the main aims of the Fascists in their first meeting in March 1919?
Replacing the monarchy with a republic, confiscating the property of the Catholic Church, Peasant ownership of the land and worker management of industry, tax the rich, a national minimum wage, votes for women
55
Who did Mussolini form a private army with?
Several Hundred Arditi
56
When did Fascism become prominent in rural areas?
1920
57
Squadristi
Fascist squads in rural areas
58
Pact of Pacification
1921- a deal signed between the Fascist and Socialist Trade Unions (CGL) to bring peace between the two groups in fear that the government would take action
59
What was the outcome of the Pact of Pacification in 1921?
It was rejected by several of the ras | Mussolini had to abandon the pact in order to keep the Fascists from splitting
60
When was the PNF officially formed?
October 1921
61
What did Balbo organise in May 1922 in a response to high levels of unemployment in Ferrara?
50,000 unemployed men occupied Ferrara and demanded public work schemes to be set up
62
When did the Socialist Party split into Socialists and Communists?
January 1921
63
Alliance of Labour
July 1922- A failed 24 hour strike attempt called by Socialist Trade Unions- shows support for the Socialists was dwindling
64
What did Mussolini's speech on Fascist intentions proclaim. And when did he give this speech?
September 1922 | Fascism wouldn't threaten the position of the king or the army
65
How did Facta prepare to resist Mussolini's threat of a march of Rome?
Reinforced Rome's military, the King would establish martial law (however when the time came the king refused to sign it, so no martial law was established)
66
What caused Facta's resignation?
The King refused to declare martial law
67
Who did the King appoint as Prime Minister following Facta's resignation?
Salandra
68
Who did Salandra include in his Cabinet?
Four Fascists, but Mussolini rejected the offer
69
Why did Salandra fail to form a government?
He would not have Fascist co-operation
70
Who was appointed as Prime Minister after Salandra's failed attempt to form a government?
Mussolini
71
How many Fascists were involved in the March on Rome?
70,000
72
Who should be blamed for Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister?
Victor Emmanuel- for actually appointing him Facta had called for martial too late to make an effective stand Salandra had failed to form a government Giolitti had stayed away
73
When was Mussolini appointed as Prime Minister?
29nd October
74
When did Mussolini nearly emigrate?
After the loss of the 1919 election

FI (11 decks)

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