3. The cellular basis of autoimmunity 2 - other immune cells Flashcards
What are CD4 T cells?
The key drivers and co-ordinators of autoimmunity
What is the study of autoimmunity?
the study of immunity
What are some genes not involved with T cells and TCRs that are linked to autoimmunity?
- type 1 diabetes is associated with IRF7 and the anti-viral response.
- Multiple sclerosis association with TNFSFR1
- Rheumatoid arthritis association with IL6R
What does antigen presentation alone induce in T cells?
Anergy
What does antigen presentation and co-stimulation induce in T cells?
Activation
What does antigen presentation, co-stimulation and cytokine signalling induce in T cells?
Activation and instruction
What determines which cytokines are present in the environment?
What activates the immune response
What do you need for full T cell activation?
- Antigen presentation
- Co-stimulation
- Cytokine signalling
Can autoreactive T cells cause autoimmunity by themselves?
- No (they can in RAG deficient backgrounds)
- Other things limit the development of disease and dampen the autoimmune T cells.
Overview of autoimmunity: Initiation
- Naive T cells with the potential to recognise autoantigens.
- Molecular mimicry
- Bystander activation
Overview of autoimmunity: Expansion
Trafficking of immune cells around the body
Overview of autoimmunity: Target organ localisation
- CD4+ T cells locate that target antigen and organ.
- Local inflammation and tissue damage
- Recruitment of other immune cells.
- Interactions with T and B cells in the draining lymph node.
Overview of autoimmunity: Amplification, regulation and generation of memory
- Follows the immune response.
- Amplification through things like macrophages.
- Regulation through IL-10 and IL-35.
- Generation of systemic and tissue specific memory.
What is the visualisation of EAU?
- The primary peak with acute inflammation.
- The secondary regulation with tissue damage and thinning of the retina.
- Using flow cytometry, you can see CD4 T cells accumulate over time in the autoimmune site.
Does the CD4+ T cell phenotype affect autoimmune disease progression?
- Yes different CD4 phenotypes correlate with different disease and severity.
- Transgenic T cells so that Th17 cells have a more severe clinical phenotype than Th2.
What factors can drive CD4+ T cell differentiation?
- Signal 1: Genetic factors like cytokines, and costimulation.
- Signal 2: Environment through route of administration, adjuvants and dose.
- Signal 3: cytokine environment and dendritic cell phenotype
What are the different phenotypes of CD4 T cells associated with?
- Different cytokines that promote their differentiation.
- Different transcription factors that determine gene expression.
- Different chemokine receptors
- Different types of pathogens
What CD4+ T cell phenotypes are most associated with autoimmunity?
- Th1
- Th17
- There are arguments about the relative importance of these phenotypes.
- Also, ex-Th17 cells
What are the important points about CD4 phenotypes?
- Differentiation happens after naive T cell activation.
- Some phenotypes have a greater chance of causing organ-specific autoimmunity and they are found in these organs during disease.
Are Treg involved in autoimmunity?
- They play a big role in organ-specific autoimmunity.
- They clear up after the immune response and reduce inflammation in the local environment to minimise tissue damage.
- When Tregs don’t work well you set up self sustaining autoimmunity.
Th1 cells
Differentiation cytokine: IL-12
Transcription factors: Stat4 and T-bet
Effector cytokine: IFNy
Chemokine receptors: CXCR3 and CCR5
Th17 cells
Differentiation cytokine: IL-6, TGFß1 and IL-23
Transcription factors: Stat3 and RORyt
Effector cytokine: IL-17 and IL-22
Chemokine receptors: CCR4 and CCR6
Treg cells
Differentiation cytokine: IL-2 and TGFß
Transcription factors: Foxp3
Effector cytokine: IL-10 and TGFß
Chemokine receptors: CCR4, CCR6 and CCR7
What is the homeostatic role of Treg?
- Homeostatic regulation of auto aggression during normal immune response.
- Resolution of subclinical autoimmunity