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Psychology 1B > 3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - TEXTBOOK > Flashcards

3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - TEXTBOOK Flashcards

1
Q

According to the evolutionary perspective, what determines the nature of human interaction?

A

Tasks of survival and reproduction

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2
Q

What are the two ends of the spectrum of human interaction?

A

Helping to hurting

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3
Q

What is aggression?

A

Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

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4
Q

What is the nativist view of the origin of aggression?

A

Instinct shaped by natural selection

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5
Q

<p>What is the term given to purging/releasing pent-up emotions through activities that redirect focus onto other sources?</p>

A

<p>Catharsis</p>

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6
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A

Instrumental and hostile aggression

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7
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Premeditated acts of aggression for personal gain

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8
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Spontaneous and impulsive aggression in response to unpleasant internal states

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9
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

People aggress when their goals are thwarted

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10
Q

What is the term given to directing aggression towards an innocent or more easily accessible target?

A

Aggression displacement

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11
Q

For what reason is it plausible that impulsive aggression evolved?

A

Aggression to eliminate sources of pain

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12
Q

What factors contribute to aggressive behaviour?

A

Biological, individual and situational factors

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13
Q

What is the best predictor of aggressive behaviour?

A

Gender

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14
Q

Which gender is most commonly the aggressor and the victim?

A

Males

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is correlated with aggression?

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

What is the effect of drugs which increase serotonin activity?

A

Reduction of retaliation in people with history of aggression if provoked

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17
Q

Which hormone is correlated with aggression?

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

What is the effect of high testosterone levels?

A

Feeling of confidence and power but easily irritated/frustrated

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19
Q

What type of aggression is more common in women?

A

Instrumental aggression and causing social harm (ostracism)

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20
Q

What is eugenics?

A

Selective breeding of humans to increase prevalence of desired characteristics

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21
Q

What uncomfortable internal states may promote aggression?

A

Temperature, pain, triggers

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22
Q

How may culture influence aggression?

A

Exemplification of behaviour causes that behaviour to become more prevalent in the population (both aggression and peace)

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23
Q

What is the culture of honour phenomenon?

A

Aggression linked to ‘tough’ reputation, machismo or willingness to avenge wrongness/insult

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24
Q

What is the WHO’s ecological model of aggression?

A

4 embedded levels of different factors that contribute to aggression

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25
Q

What are the 4 levels of the WHO model?

A

Individual, relationship, community, societal

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26
Q

What is included in the WHO individual level?

A

Genetic disposition, effect of early environment, age, substance abuse

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27
Q

What is included in the WHO relationship level?

A

Effect of friends, family and peers

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28
Q

What is included in the WHO community level?

A

Economic environment, population density

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29
Q

What is included in the WHO societal level?

A

Cultural norms, political instability, gun availability

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30
Q

What is cooperation?

A

Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

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31
Q

What is the prisoner’s dilemma?

A

Choice between cooperation and non-cooperation - cooperation is risky

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32
Q

What is the function of gossip in society?

A

Establish cooperative allegiances/ostracize those willing to exploit trust

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33
Q

What is the public goods dilemma?

A

Situation where individuals are better off not cooperating but group as a whole is worse off

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34
Q

What is hypothesis-confirming bias?

A

Systematic error of inductive reasoning - preference for confirmation over falsification

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35
Q

What is deception? (aka to lie)

A

Attempt to generate a false belief in order to manipulate a situation

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36
Q

What are the two ways to deceive?

A

Implant false information or withhold important information

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37
Q

What are the most common lies?

A

Feelings and opinions; actions, plans and whereabouts; knowledge, achievements and failings; explanations for behaviours; facts and personal possessions

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38
Q

Why do people lie?

A

Avoid upsetting someone else; enhance self-esteem, social status and respect; avoid punishment/negative judgement

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39
Q

What helps us to better deceive others?

A

Self-deception

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40
Q

What is self-deception?

A

Capacity to convince ourselves that a falsehood is true

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41
Q

When does self-deception occur?

A

When we display bias to ignore, underrepresent, forget or misinterpret to favour welcome information

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42
Q

What is altruism?

A

Behaviour that benefits another without benefitting oneself

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43
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

When numerous people fail to help strangers in an emergency situation

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44
Q

What are the five steps in the five-step model of bystander effect?

A

Notice incident, interpretation as emergency, assume responsibility, know how to help, make decision to help

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45
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting in the same way

46
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

Where people fail to accurately evaluate others’ behaviour (i.e. inaction of others = action not required)

47
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives

48
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that benefits will be returned in future

49
Q

What is the identifiable victim effect (IVE)?

A

Tendency to offer greater assistance to individual rather than group

50
Q

Which gender is more likely to display altruism in situations where heroism and bravery are involved?

A

Males

51
Q

Which gender is more likely to display altruism in long-term care and volunteering?

A

Females

52
Q

Which personality trait is the willingness to exploit and manipulate others?

A

Machiavellianism

53
Q

What is empathetic concern?

A

The disposition to take the perspective of others and resonate with their emotions

54
Q

What is extensivity?

A

Obligation felt by individuals to others beyond immediate friends and family

55
Q

What is the just world hypothesis?

A

The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

56
Q

What is the effect if we witness someone else displaying altruistic behaviour?

A

We are more likely to demonstrate altruistic behaviour ourselves

57
Q

What calculation affects our own displays of altruism?

A

Perceived cost to us as result

58
Q

What is the term for inferences about causes of people’s behaviour?

A

Attribution

59
Q

What are the two types of attribution we can make?

A

Dispositional and situational

60
Q

What is situational attribution?

A

Decision that behaviour was result of temporary aspect of situation

61
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

Decision that behaviour was result of enduring tendency to think/feel/act in certain way

62
Q

What is Harold Kelley’s covariation model?

A

Dispositional and situational attributions are based on three kinds of information

63
Q

What are the three types of information in the covariation model?

A

Consistency, distinctiveness and consensus (aka regularity, generality, typicality)

64
Q

What is the correspondence bias?

A

Tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when behaviour was caused by situation

65
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A

Tendency to make situational attribution for ourselves but dispositional attributions for others

66
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A

Sending and receiving of thoughts and feelings without using language

67
Q

What are the five basic functions of nonverbal communication?

A

Express intimacy; establish dominance and status; express inner states; regulate verbal conversation; direct others’ behaviour

68
Q

What is the term given to contradiction between verbal and nonverbal communication?

A

Nonverbal leakage

69
Q

What is the difference between micro- and macro- levels of nonverbal behaviour?

A

Micro-: individual behaviours, cues, emotional expression; Macro-: constellations of behaviour imbued with broader psychological meaning

70
Q

What is the purpose of physical contact in intimate relationships?

A

Maintains and strengthens close bonds

71
Q

What may be the purpose of physical contact in non-intimate relationships?

A

To express dominance and compliance

72
Q

What is interpersonal space?

A

Preferred distance maintained by individuals

73
Q

What are the four zones of interpersonal space?

A

Intimate, personal, social, public

74
Q

What is the function of facial expressions?

A

To express emotion

75
Q

What did Darwin believe to be true of facial expressions?

A

They are universal

76
Q

Is Darwin’s theory of universal expressions accurate?

A

Evidence of universal primary emotions but culturally varied secondary emotions

77
Q

What is the effect of gaze in social interaction?

A

We seek out others’ gaze and attention when interpreting complex social interactions

78
Q

What is behavioural mimicry?

A

Tendency to copy the behaviour of in-group members that we identify with

79
Q

Why do we mimic others’ behaviour?

A

Act of affiliation - signals allegiance

80
Q

What is the chameleon effect?

A

Them mimicking of postures, expressions, gestures and patterns of behaviour (e.g. speech or mood) to blend in with our surroundings

81
Q

What is emotional contagion?

A

Tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize expressions, vocalizations, postures and movements of another person so as to converge emotionally

82
Q

What is emotional contagion linked to?

A

The mirror neuron system

83
Q

What is the mirror neuron system?

A

Mimic motor responses of others to trigger experience of emotions through facial feedback hypothesis

84
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Facial movement can influence emotional experience

85
Q

What is thin slicing?

A

Ability to interpret nonverbal communications from only a brief observation

86
Q

How does age affect our ability to decode nonverbal behaviour?

A

Improves with age and experience

87
Q

Which gender is better at thin slicing?

A

Females (although males maybe better at detecting nonverbal signals of aggression in other males)

88
Q

Which gender is more selective in choosing sexual partners?

A

Females

89
Q

How may reproductive biology affect selectivity?

A

Males produce billions of sperm and face low reproductive costs whereas women produce a small number of eggs and face high reproductive costs - i.e. males are not affected by making a ‘mating’ mistake

90
Q

How does culture affect sexual selectivity?

A

Playboys/Sluts’ vs contraception, financial independence and communal child-rearing

91
Q

What three factors affect attraction?

A

Situational, physical and psychological

92
Q

What situational factors affect attraction?

A

Proximity, arousal and similarity

93
Q

What is the effect of proximity on attraction?

A

Opportunity, motivation, mere exposure effect, familiarity

94
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Tendency for liking to increase with frequency of exposure

95
Q

What is the effect of arousal on attraction?

A

Physiological (fear) arousal may be mistaken for attraction arousal

96
Q

What is the effect of similarity on attraction?

A

Tendency to like others that are similar to ourselves

97
Q

What is concordance rate?

A

Degree of statistical similarity based on co-occurrence

98
Q

What physical/biological factors affect attraction?

A

Attractiveness’ determined by physical characteristics that are beneficial for reproduction

99
Q

What psychological factors affect attraction?

A

Similarity - we like to interact with people on the same ‘level’ as us

100
Q

Why is similarity attractive?

A

Agreement on wide range of issues, increased confidence when attitudes and beliefs are shared, expectation that they will like us for the same reason that we like them

101
Q

What is likely to be the reason that humans favour long-term relationships?

A

Human offspring are completely helpless at birth

102
Q

What is similar between relationships of songbirds and those of humans?

A

Long term relationships favoured because offspring are helpless and require more food than can be provided by one parent

103
Q

What is notable about marriage for love?

A

It is a recent invention - served economic function in past

104
Q

What are the two basic kinds of love?

A

Passionate and companionate love

105
Q

What is passionate love?

A

Experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction

106
Q

What is companionate love?

A

Experience involving affection, trust and concern for partner’s wellbeing

107
Q

How does passionate love change over time?

A

Rapid onset, peaks quickly, diminishes within a few months

108
Q

How does companionate love change over time?

A

Grows slowly and steadily and need never stop

109
Q

What is the social exchange hypothesis?

A

People remain in relationships as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits

110
Q

What are some benefits and costs of relationships?

A

Love, sex, financial security vs increased responsibility/conflict and loss of freedom

111
Q

What are the three important additions to the social exchange hypothesis?

A

Comparison level, equity and level of investment

112
Q

What is comparison level?

A

The cost

Psychology 1B (4 decks)

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