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Psychology 1B > 2 PSYCHOLOGY OF MEMORY - TEXTBOOK > Flashcards

2 PSYCHOLOGY OF MEMORY - TEXTBOOK Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

What are the three stages of (‘modal’ model of ) memory?

A

Sensory, short-term (working), long-term

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Where sensory information kept for a few seconds or less

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4
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Where nonsensory information kept for up to a minute

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5
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Where information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, years

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6
Q

What are the two types of sensory memory?

A

Iconic and echoic

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7
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of visual information

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8
Q

How quickly do iconic memories decay?

A

1 second or less

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9
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of auditory information

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10
Q

How quickly do echoic memories decay?

A

Within 5 seconds

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11
Q

How quickly do short-term memories decay without rehearsal?

A

After 15-20 seconds

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12
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

Process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

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13
Q

How does rehearsal work?

A

Each repetition causes information to re-enter stem adding another 15-20 seconds

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14
Q

How many items can short-term memory hold?

A

7 +/- 2 meaningful items

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15
Q

How can we trick the short-term memory into holding more?

A

Chunking

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16
Q

What is chunking?

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger chunks that are more easily held by the STM

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17
Q

What is working memory?

A

Active maintenance and manipulation in short-term storage

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18
Q

What does the working memory include?

A

2 subsystems managed by the central executive and the temporary episodic buffer

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19
Q

What part of working memory briefly stores visual and spatial information?

A

Visuospatial sketchpad

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20
Q

What part of working memory briefly encodes mental representations of sounds?

A

Phonological loop

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21
Q

What is the phonological loop made up of?

A

Short term store and an articulatory rehearsal system

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22
Q

What part of working memory coordinates and controls plans of action and output?

A

Central executive attentional system

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23
Q

What part of working memory connects short and long term memory?

A

Episodic buffer

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24
Q

What is interference in terms of working memory subsystems?

A

When two separate tasks tap into the same subsystem

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25
Q

What is the result of interference?

A

Drop in accuracy and response time

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26
Q

In what two ways is long term memory distinct from short term?

A

Duration and capacity

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27
Q

What is the capacity limit of long term memory?

A

None - that we know of

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28
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process whereby information must pass from STM into LTM in order for it to be remembered

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29
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

No memory forward (inability to transfer new information from STM to LTM)

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30
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

No memories backward (inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a certain date)

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31
Q

What was the effect on HM’s memory when the hippocampus was removed?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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32
Q

What are the three essential processes in remembering?

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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33
Q

What is encoding?

A

Process by which we transform perceptions, thoughts and feelings into enduring memory

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34
Q

What is storage?

A

Process of maintaining information in memory over time

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35
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Process of bringing to mind previously encoded and stored information

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36
Q

What is the most common misconception of memory?

A

Memory is a recording device like a camera - it is NOT; memories are constructed

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37
Q

What are schemas?

A

Mental models of the world

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38
Q

How do schemas aid encoding?

A

Contain knowledge that helps to encode new information into a meaningful context

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39
Q

What is the issue with schemas and encoding?

A

Schemas can cause distortion of actual memory to fit with a sensical one

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40
Q

What is elaborative encoding?

A

Process of actively relating new information to knowledge already held in memory

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41
Q

What is the effect of elaborative encoding?

A

Enhanced subsequent retention

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42
Q

What two parts of the brain are associated with elaborative encoding?

A

Inner left temporal lobe, lower left frontal lobe

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43
Q

What is visual imagery encoding?

A

Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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44
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Memory aid that associates information with mental locations

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45
Q

Why is visual imagery encoding effective?

A

Results in both verbal and visual placeholders

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46
Q

What is organizational encoding?

A

The act of categorizing information by noticing relationships between a series of items

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47
Q

What is a mnemonic?

A

A device for reorganizing information into more meaningful patterns to remember

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48
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections

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49
Q

What three properties of LTP indicate its role in LTM storage?

A

Occurs in several hippocampal pathways, induced rapidly, long-lasting

50
Q

What is the result of blocking LTP in rats?

A

Rodent amnesia

51
Q

Where is NMDA receptor located?

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

What neurotransmitter activates NMDA?

A

Glutamate

53
Q

What is the result of postsynaptic neuron being excited by NMDA?

A

Initiation of LTP

54
Q

What is spatial memory?

A

Representation that encodes where something is

55
Q

Where is spatial memory located?

A

In the hippocampi

56
Q

What are the two ways in which retrieval occurs?

A

Recall and recognition

57
Q

What is recall?

A

The capacity to spontaneously retrieve information from memory

58
Q

What is recognition?

A

The capacity to correctly match information presented with contents of memory

59
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

60
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the conditions in which the information was first encoded

61
Q

What is state-dependent retrieval?

A

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

62
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues available later

63
Q

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

A

Implicit memories are not ‘recalled’ like explicit memories

64
Q

When does explicit memory occur?

A

When people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

65
Q

When does implicit memory occur?

A

When past experiences influence later behaviour/performance despite individual being unaware that they are remembering them

66
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or ‘knowing how to do things’

67
Q

What is priming?

A

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to that stimulus

68
Q

How does priming work?

A

saves processing time’

69
Q

What are procedural memory and priming a part of?

A

Implicit memory

70
Q

Is implicit memory located in the hippocampus?

A

No

71
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

72
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

73
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Personal record of significant events of one’s life

74
Q

What is the strongest type of autobiographical memory?

A

Flashbulb memory

75
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

76
Q

What type of memory allows us to ‘time travel’?

A

Episodic memory

77
Q

What is transience?

A

Forgetting that occurs over the passage of time

78
Q

Describe Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting.

A

Forgetting is rapid soon after learning event with increasingly less forgetting as more time passes

79
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Enhanced memory for events presented at beginning and end of a series

80
Q

What two processes make up the serial position effect?

A

Primacy and recency

81
Q

What two forms of interference affect forgetting?

A

Retroactive and proactive interference

82
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Situations where later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

83
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Situations where earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

84
Q

What is a tip-of-the-tongue experience?

A

The temporary inability to retrieve information that is stored in memory, accompanied by the feeling that you are on the verge of recovering the information

85
Q

What is blocking?

A

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

86
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure

87
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Situations where individuals have to simultaneously monitor more than one source of information

88
Q

What is notable about brain activity during automatic behaviours?

A

Low levels of prefrontal activity

89
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

Information learned in past

90
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to do things in the future

91
Q

What are the two types of prospective memory?

A

Event-based, time-based

92
Q

Which type of prospective memory is harder to remember?

A

Time-based (requires monitoring passage of time)

93
Q

What is concussion?

A

Loss of consciousness ranging from moments to weeks

94
Q

What type of amnesia is concussion associated with?

A

Retrograde amnesia for events just prior to concussion, concussion prevents encoding

95
Q

What is fugue state?

A

Amnesia of one’s previous life and identity

96
Q

What are fugue states usually a response to?

A

Coping mechanism for distressing life crises

97
Q

What is childhood amnesia?

A

Inability to remember events from early years of life

98
Q

What correlates with memory as we age?

A

General processing speeds and inhibition of irrelevant information

99
Q

What is metamemory?

A

The subjective awareness of one’s own memory

100
Q

What is feeling of knowing (FOK)?

A

The subjective awareness of information that cannot be retrieved from memory

101
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

102
Q

What is memory misattribution?

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

103
Q

What is the primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications?

A

Memory misattribution

104
Q

What are the three types of source monitoring?

A

Internal, external and reality source monitoring

105
Q

What is déja vu experience?

A

Where you suddenly feel that you have been in a situation before even though you can’t recall any details

106
Q

What may contribute to déja vu?

A

Memory misattribution, failure of inhibition of familiar long-term memories

107
Q

What is déja vécu?

A

A confabulated memory where the individual is certain that the new experience is old

108
Q

What are false memories?

A

Recollection of events that never happened, usually source monitoring error

109
Q

What is false recognition?

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

110
Q

What can reduce false recognition?

A

Distinctive information, for example pictures

111
Q

What is bias?

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

112
Q

What are the three types of bias?

A

Consistency, change and egocentric bias

113
Q

How does consistency bias influence memory?

A

Alters past to fit the present

114
Q

How does change bias influence memory?

A

Exaggerates differences (in how we feel) between past and present

115
Q

How does egocentric bias influence memory?

A

Distorts past to make us look better (self-enhancing)

116
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

117
Q

What is persistence?

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

118
Q

Which part of the brain responds strongly to emotional events?

A

The amygdala

119
Q

How does the amygdala influence memory storage?

A

Influences release of hormones that respond to emotionally arousing events

120
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A

Transience, blocking, absentmindedness, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

121
Q

Which of the 7 sins are forgetting errors?

A

Transience, blocking, absentmindedness and persistence

122
Q

Which of the 7 sins are distortions?

A

Misattribution, suggestibility and bias

Psychology 1B (4 decks)

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