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2. B: Sixties 1964-70 > 3. Social developments > Flashcards

3. Social developments Flashcards

1
Q

Civilised Society =

A

clean environment where the states give people freedom and happiness— freedom of choice (lifestyle and career), tolerant, promote happiness (priority)

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2
Q

Roy Jenkins as Home secretary

A

1965-67
* considered most influencial poletician to never be PM.
* encouraged backbenchers to propose priv members bills e.g. capital punishment.
* gave bills enough time in parliment for them to be passed.

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3
Q

Jenkins key quotes

A

“Private conduct should remain private”
“The government must be absolutely sure before removing someone’s liberty”

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4
Q

Private members bill

A
  • legislation passed through are gov bills.
  • provision for backbench MP’s to propose legislation through private members bills
  • 1960’s saw backbench MP’s bring forward a number of reforms through
  • successful = Jenkins, as Home Secretary, was sympathetic and so enabled enough parliamentary time to be available for the reforms to be passed.
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5
Q

Free votes

A

= individual MPs can vote according to their own consciences rather than following official party line.
* laws that are considered moral questions are passed through like this.
* enaled eaiser to approve

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6
Q

End of capital punishment

A
  • Anti-hanging campaige boosted from Ruth Ellis case - young mother convicted murder of abusive bf 1955.
  • 1957 - tories reduced no. of offences carrying the sentance
  • Sydney Silverman, Labout backbencher pushed further
  • 1965 on a free vote = abolished for 5 year trial period “The Murder Act”
  • 1969 made permanent.
  • BUT = didn’‘t reduce no. violent crimes like supporters had hoped.
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7
Q

Other prison reformed by Jenkins

A
  • refused to authroise beatings of prisoners - ceased after 1967.
  • brought in ‘majority’ verdicts for juriers rather than unamity - helped convict more.
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8
Q

Divorce reform

A
  • pre 60s = needed evidence of adultery - rich used PI’s etc., but overall impossible to prove.
  • Reform = allowed for no fault divorce 1969, following ‘irretrievable breakdown’.
  • Allowed to divore if:
    a) live apart 2 years and both agreed
    b) lives apart for 5 and one wanted
    = Divorce Reform Act
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9
Q

Divorce reform - effects

A
  • 1950 = less than 2/1000
  • mid 70s = nearly 10/1000.
    can be party explained by female inderpendence, but act aided it.
  • Not all MPs in favour
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10
Q

Abortion reform

A
  • Pre act = private clinic w/ fees or backstreet.
  • 100k-200k illegal preformed each year
  • 35k admitted to hospitals w/ complications
  • 1958-60 = 82 died
  • Thalidomide pursuade opinions
    = permitted termination up to 28 weeks, under medical supervision and 2 doctors consent.
    = only justification needed ‘mental suffering’
    = Abortion Act
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11
Q

Abortion reform effects

A

1968 = 4/100 live births (35K)
1975 = 17.6/100 (141K)

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12
Q

Opposition to abortion reform

A

Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child set up 1966 to oppose any liberalisation of the law
- feared any extension of abortion beyond strict medical grounds would lead to abortion on demand.

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13
Q

MP who led abortion reform campaigne?

A

David Steel
* supported by Labour gov + no. of Conservatives.

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14
Q

Homosexual relations

A
  • before - imprisoned up to 2 years for engaing in such acts.
  • Conservatives - rejected Wolfenden rec of decriminalising it.
  • Leo Abse - backbencher took up the cause.
  • 1967 Sexual offences Act
    • both consenting partners
    • over 21
    • in private
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15
Q

Homosexual relations act effects

A
  • welcomed by men who were previously afraid e.g. leading double lives.
  • althought ‘in private’ interpreted as no one in same building, so not complete end of percuction of homesexual practices.
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16
Q

reduction in censorship

A
  • large change in social attitudes
  • Fuelled by ‘swinging sixties’ and ‘youth rebellion’
  • Lady Chatterley’s Lover—explicit sexual novel written 1928, not allowed to be published because of its contents- Penguin Books were finally given permission in 1960 after a trial in court
  • Theatres Act 1868- ended theatre censorship and gave great literacy freedoms to the performing arts
  • Before plays had to be passed by the government
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17
Q

Open university

A
  • attempted to offer high-quality degree-level learning in arts and sciences to people who never had the opportunity.
  • march ‘63 = Labour party study group proposed experiment on radio and Tv “UNIVERSITY of the AIR”
  • Wilson apointed Jennie Lee to see project through.
  • Sept 1969 HQ established
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17
Q

Education

Comprehensive schools

A
  • Viewed TRIPARTITE system (secondary sector into three types of school: grammar schools, technical schools, and modern schools) = unfair
  • Local Education Authorities LEA established comprehensive schools - same opportunities, not selective.
  • 1964 1/10 in them, 10x as many than ‘51.
  • Tony Crosland became minister of Education, issued Circular 10/65 requesting LEA’s to convert them to comprehensive.
  • 1970 - only 8 failed to do so, 1145 comp schools, 1/3 students educated in comp
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17
Q

Expansion of higher education

A
  • Created Department of Technology
  • replaced Colleges of Tachnology w/ Polytechnics - focus on applied edcuation
  • 9 colleges of advanced tch became full unis
  • by 1968, 30 Polytechnics + 56 unis.
  • opened high education to families who never attended, although middle class still dominated.
18
Q

Open uni effects

A
  • became rapid success.
  • used innovated forms of distance learning.
  • attracted mature, woman and disadvantaged.
  • by 1980 = had 70k students and awarened more degrees that Oxbridge.
19
Q

Mass media

A
  • TV ownership grew = 1971 91% owned.
  • BB2 introduced + widespread use of colour images
  • commercial + pirate radio grew in popularity.
  • youth able to listen to diff music on diff radios.
  • Lanch of The SUN, reflected more permissive age.
20
Q

Leisure activities

A
  • growth of TVS = live entertainment suffered e.e. theatre and sport.
  • increased car ownership = more freedom e.g. caravanning, golf
  • commercial air travel grew, but still reserved for middle class. total holidays ‘51 = 27 mil, ‘71 = 41 million
21
Q

Scientific devs

A
  • 60s billed as age for science.
  • 1969 US landed on the moon.
  • 1965 Post Office Tower opened to improve telecommunications, ‘futeristic’
  • consumer gadets e.g. household appliences
22
Q

permissive society

A
  • term used by critics, refers to effects of liberalising legislation, sexual liberation and growth of mass media.
  • believed represented moral decline.
  • came from conservative sections of society e.g. catholic church
  • associated w/ drug taking, 1967 - possession of cannibas and cocaine illegal.
  • IN REALITY = many young people married and their first sexual partner.
23
Q

Role of Mary Whitehouse

A
  • Concerned by permessive society changes.
  • moral campaigner
  • ‘tide of immorality and indecency’
  • partly directed at BBC
  • lots of support from ‘Clean Up TV’ campaign in 1964.
  • set up National Viewers and Listening Association 1965 - soon had 100k members
  • failed to have impact on programme shown
24
Q

permissive society

Wooten report

A

1986
suggested legalising ‘soft drugs’ but rejected by Callaghan who wanted to ‘call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness’

25
Q

Dangerous Drug Act 1967

A
  • unlawful to posses coke and cannibas
  • 1970 = max sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years.
26
Q

Youth culture

A
  • more eductation, lesuire time + influence from mass media
  • music and fashion largly defined
  • fashion = woman wearing trousers, men wearing bright fabics
  • more acessesable music through radios
  • strong link to 1965 anti-Vietnam war protests, 1968 Battle of Grosvenor, 200 protesters arrested.
27
Q

Anti-Vietnam war riots

A
  • upset at Britains support for US’s war
  • 17 march 1968 - demonstration in London.
  • 28 march 1968 - Battle of Grosvenor, violent protest 200 arrested.
  • oct 1968 - 30k took part, retired peacfully.
28
Q

opposition to Vietnam war:

A
  • 1965= teachings on Vietnam at Oxford university and the London School of Economic (academic protests)
  • 1966= VSC (Vietnam Solidarity Campaign set up)
  • Wilson’s gov, who had come to power with a “youthful” image, seemed out
    of touch w/ modern youth movement
    Satire movement + new permissive society, continued to erode respect for the
    establishment, while anti-war ‘flower- power’ songs became popular
29
Q

immigration

1st race relations act

A

1965
* forbade discrimination in public places ‘on the grounds of colour, race or ethnior national origins’
* descrimination in housing and employment excluded.
* complained reffered to Race relations Board

30
Q

Race relations Board

A
  • set up to consider discrimination complaints + take part in publicity, research, finance etc.
  • but couldnt compare witnesses to attend hearings
  • 1st year, handled 982 cases, 734 dissmissed through lack of evidence.
31
Q

Why was the Commonwealth Immigration Act passed?

A

Feb 1968 - alarm over sudden influx of Kenyan Asians, to limit right of return to Britain for non-white Commonwealth citizens. = prohibited immigrants from settling in Britain unless they had previous family connections

32
Q

What prompted Powell to make his controversial speech?

A

the furore over arrival of Kenyan Asians

33
Q

When was ‘rivers of blood’ speech?

A

April 1968

34
Q

Concequences of Enoch Powells speech?

A
  • condenmed by liberal Establishment
  • Health sacked him from shadow cabinet + neevr spoke again.
  • Public response to sacking = strikes by dockers + meat porters in London + protest march to Downing street.
  • Gallup Poll - 75% agreed w him
35
Q

Contents of Rivers of Blood speech?

A

inflammatory speech, sentimental imperialist, concerned social tensions as a result of immigration seen in America would occur in Britain.
his views on immigration:
* People not consulted about immigration
* Towns being ‘transformed’
* Unparalleled scale (50,000/year)
* ‘dependents’—can’t support themselves
* Predicts clashes between whites and non-whites

36
Q

2nd Race Relations Act

A

1968
* banned racial discrimination in housing, employment, insurance and other servies.
* board = given stronger powers.
* still loopholes = employers could discriminate against ‘non-whites’ in iterests of racial balance + complaints against policie excluded from law.

37
Q

Race relations board after 2nd race act

A
  • given stronger powers
  • upheld only 10% of 1241 complaints recieved about discriminatory employment
  • no. of complaints remained low bc victums had little faith in getting effective redress.
38
Q

Notting Hill carnival

A

became an annual event from 1964

39
Q

Positive immigration aspects

A
  • asain cornershops and takeaways introduced new food stuff
  • youth culture influenced by ethnic communities.
  • music styles - Caribbean such as ‘ska’.
  • Maharaja Mahesh Yogi - meditation, yoga, ‘love and peace’ as well as soft drugs.
40
Q

progress towards female equality

60s progress for feminism

A
  • Married Women’s Property Act 1964= allowed women to keep half the many they saved from house keeping
  • Matrimonial Homes Act 1967= recognised that men and women had equal rights of occupation in the family home
  • Matrimonial Property Act 1970= A wife’s work was an equal contribution to making a home so should be taken into account when dividing up property in a divorce
  • Guardianship of Children Act 1973, gave mothers equal rights to fathers in bringing up children
    *
41
Q

progress towards female equality

where did the second wave of feminsim start?

A

Betty Friedman - ‘The Feminist Mistique’ published 1963 = argued woman were unfufilled with these restrictive lives.

42
Q

progress towards female equality

Start of 60s, woman situation

A
  • young education, carried domestic slant, often left school at min age and married young.
  • many jobs avalible were in clerical and service sector w/ no prospects + little pay.
  • working mothers portrayed as selfish and unnatural
  • childminders rare, nursery for wealthy only
43
Q

progress towards female equality

NHS (family service) Act of 1967

A

allowed national authorities to provide contraceptives and advice for first time.

44
Q

progress towards female equality

Published books and articles which inspired attitudes

A
  • The Longest Revolution 1966 by Juillette Mitchell
  • The Female Eunuch 1970 by Germaine Greer
  • ‘woman lib’ groups more
45
Q

progress towards female equality

Women’s National Co-Ordination Committee

A
  • result of 1969 rally
  • 1st conference, 4 demands put foward = equal pay, free contraception and abortion on request, equal education and job ops, free 24 hour childcare.

2. B: Sixties 1964-70 (4 decks)

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