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ARE PA > 3: Site Analysis & Programming > Flashcards

3: Site Analysis & Programming Flashcards

1
Q

Wastewater

A

Water from various sources such as households, industries, and businesses that contains contaminants and pollutants, requiring treatment before it can be safely returned to the environment or reused.

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2
Q

Propane (Liquid Propane, LP)

A

A flammable gas compressed into a liquid form, commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and powering appliances in homes, businesses, and industries due to its high energy density and portability.

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3
Q

Natural Gas

A

A combustible mixture primarily comprising methane, used extensively as a fuel for heating, electricity generation, and various industrial processes due to its clean-burning nature.

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4
Q

Invert Elevations

A

The bottom or lowest level of a pipe, conduit, or channel, often measured in relation to a specific reference point, used for designing drainage, sewer systems, or other underground utilities to ensure proper flow and gradient within the system.

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5
Q

Septic System

A

An on-site wastewater treatment system commonly used in areas without access to centralized sewage systems, consisting of a septic tank and a drainfield where sewage is collected, treated, and naturally filtered before being released into the soil.

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6
Q

Percolation Test

A

A procedure used to assess the soil’s ability to absorb water, typically performed to determine the suitability of soil for installing septic systems or drainfields by measuring the rate at which water infiltrates or percolates through the soil.

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7
Q

Stormwater Management

A

Methods and systems designed to control and mitigate the effects of rainfall runoff, aiming to prevent flooding, erosion, and pollution while safeguarding water quality and the environment.

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8
Q

Traffic Flow Study

A

An analysis conducted to assess the movement, patterns, volume, and behavior of vehicles, pedestrians, or cyclists on roadways or transportation networks, providing valuable data used to evaluate congestion, safety, efficiency, and design improvements within a given area.

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9
Q

Master Plan

A

A comprehensive and long-term planning document that outlines a vision, strategies, and guidelines for the development, land use, infrastructure, transportation, and growth of a city, region, or organization over an extended period, typically guiding future decisions and developments.

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10
Q

Comprehensive Plan

A

A strategic document developed by local governments or municipalities that outlines policies, goals, and guidelines for the physical, social, economic, and environmental development of a community, providing a framework to guide future land use, zoning, infrastructure, and growth within a specified area.

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11
Q

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

A

An urban planning approach that focuses on creating compact, mixed-use communities centered around public transportation hubs, encouraging walkability, accessibility, and a diverse range of housing, commercial, and recreational amenities to reduce reliance on cars and promote sustainable living.

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12
Q

Infill

A

The development or construction of new buildings or projects within vacant or underutilized spaces in already built-up urban or suburban areas, aimed at maximizing land use efficiency, revitalizing neighborhoods, and promoting sustainable growth while utilizing existing infrastructure and services.

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13
Q

Swale

A

A shallow, often vegetated depression or low-lying area designed to manage and control stormwater runoff by directing, collecting, and filtering rainwater, promoting infiltration and reducing erosion, typically used in landscaping and drainage systems to manage water flow and improve water quality.

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14
Q

Liquid Limit

A

The moisture content at which a soil transitions from a plastic state to a liquid state. It helps determine the consistency and behavior of soils, particularly their ability to undergo deformation.

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15
Q

Boring Log

A

A comprehensive record detailing soil and rock properties encountered during drilling operations, essential for assessing subsurface conditions in engineering and construction projects.

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16
Q

Plastic Limit (PL)

A

The moisture content at which a soil transitions from a plastic state to a semisolid state, exhibiting minimal plasticity and crumbling when rolled into threads of a specified diameter.

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17
Q

Atterberg Limits

A

A set of standardized tests used in soil mechanics to determine the various moisture contents at which a soil transitions between different states—specifically, the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and shrinkage limit (SL)—providing insights into its behavior, plasticity, and potential for deformation under different moisture conditions.

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18
Q

Consistency Index (CI)

A

A value used in soil mechanics and Atterberg Limits tests, calculated as the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit, indicating the range of moisture content over which a soil exhibits plasticity, with higher values suggesting greater plasticity.

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19
Q

Impact Assessment Matrix

A

A structured tool used to categorize and assess the potential effects of a project across different criteria, aiding in decision-making by visualizing the relative significance and magnitude of various impacts.

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20
Q

Fiscal Impact Study

A

An analysis conducted to evaluate the financial implications, costs, and revenues associated with a proposed development, policy, or project on the budget, taxation, services, and overall finances of a government, organization, or community.

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21
Q

Traffic Impact Sudy

A

An assessment conducted to analyze the potential effects of a proposed development or project on transportation systems, evaluating factors such as traffic volume, patterns, congestion, and safety to recommend measures for managing or mitigating potential impacts on roadways and surrounding areas.

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22
Q

Horizon Year

A

A future point in time used as a reference in transportation planning and forecasting models to predict and analyze traffic conditions, infrastructure needs, and travel patterns, usually about 20 to 30 years ahead, guiding long-term transportation development and investment decisions.

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23
Q

Natural Resources Conservation Services soil survey maps provide what site and soil info?

A

Soil erodibility
Drainage patterns
General soil characteristics
Surface topography

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24
Q

Conservation easement

A

A reliable indicator that development on land under which the easement is located will not be developed. These easments are recognized by tax laws and can even be associated with a buildings occupancy permit in urban areas

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25
Q

What are the sustainable strategies LEED credits are based on?

A

Water efficiency
Energy use
Materials and resources
Indoor air quality

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26
Q

Soil vapor extraction

A

involves drilling wells and creating a vacuum to pull out underground VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in vapor form.

27
Q

Passive treatment wells

A

It involves constructing barriers of reactive materials to promote a chemical reaction in groundwater. An example may be adding a limestone barrier to increase the pH of groundwater.

28
Q

Vitrification

A

involves removing water and making changes to the soil chemically to prevent the contaminants from infecting other sites. A common method is adding cement to the soil or heating up the soil to “melt” it.

29
Q

Air sparging

A

for treating groundwater

30
Q

As a project moves into schematic design an architect should analyze

A

Solar orientation
Design strategies for climactic regions
Alternative energy systems

31
Q

Solar orientation influences

A

The orientation of the building to control solar heat gain and heat loss
The location if outdoor spaces and activities
The location of building entries

32
Q

For most northern hemisphere locations what is the best overall orientation of a building?

A

The principal facade facing south or slightly (2-25 degrees) east or west of south

33
Q

Best shading on south facades

A

Window overhangs

34
Q

Best shading on east and west facades

A

Vertical sun baffles

35
Q

Best placement of entries in cool climates

A

South facade

36
Q

Cool region

A

All of Canada, the northern part of the middle US, and the mountainous regions of winning and Colorado

37
Q

Temperate region

A

Most of the middle latitudes of the US, including the Northwest and northeast areas of the country

38
Q

Hot-humid region

A

The southeastern parts of the US

39
Q

Hot-arid region

A

From Southern California across the desert Southwest to portions of Southern Texas

40
Q

Cold climates

A

Minimize exposed surface area to reduce heat loss - cubical shapes and built partially underground
Northern exposure should be minimized as should door and window openings on the north side
Entries should have air locks
Landscaping and building design block winter winds
Mechanical heating and active solar heating are needed
Large windows facing south, small windows facing west and east
High thermal mass interior material
Summer shading for glazed areas
Dark or medium dark colors for building exteriors

41
Q

Temperature climates

A

Northern exposure minimized and winter winds blocked to reduce heat loss
Solar heat gain is desirable so orient buildings to maximize southern exposure
Use deciduous trees and mechanical shading like awnings to protect from unwanted heat gain in summer
Provide nighttime ventilation for the exhaust of hot air
Active and passive solar heating works well in locations without excessive cloud cover
Rectangular buildings with long side facing south but turned slightly to the east
Use medium colors for the building exterior

42
Q

Hot-humid climate

A

Maximize the amount of natural ventilation by using narrow floor plans with cross ventilation, large, open windows, porches, and breezeways
Shading either with vegetation or double roofs
Minimize thermal mass, we do not want to store heat through the day an release at night
Shade for all openings
High ceilings for ventilation
Light colors for building exterior

43
Q

Hot-arid climate

A

Shading from direct sun
High thermal mass because a wide shift in temperature between day and night
Night ventilation
Pools reduce temperature through evaporation
Roof ponds provide evaporative cooling and high thermal mass
Compact forms
Minimize opening sizes
Shade all openings
Light colors for building exterior

44
Q

Passive solar heating

A

Orient the long facade towards the south within 15 degrees of true south
Long and relatively narrow building
Integrated with daylighting design
Thermal mass used as a design element if needed
Deciduous trees to the south, deciduous or evergreen to east and west to block low angle sun

45
Q

Natural cooling

A

Passive solar cooling uses shading, natural ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and ground coupling
Radiative cooling uses thermal mass to store heat during the day and release it outside at night
Ground coupling uses the stable coolness of the earth to cool a building, typically by using a ground-source heat pump
Use trees and landscaping to shade windows and other surfaces
Use fixed shading devices
Can be self shading if wider at the upper stories than at ground level
Minimize glazing on east and west
Use water and wind for evaporative cooling
Use light colored or reflective materials to minimize radiant heat gains
Avoid heat buildup around the building by limiting the use of paving or use a high reflectance color
Take advantage of prevailing winds and natural ventilation, use courtyards

46
Q

Active solar

A

Solar collectors are not aesthetically pleasing and should be placed on sloped roofs or concealed by parapets
Collectors should not be shaded by adjacent buildings and trees
Collectors should not reflect sunlight onto other buildings or occupied areas nearby

47
Q

Photovoltaics

A

Large surface may be needed for mounting, large, flat roofs, or sloped surface will optimize the pv panels exposure to the sun
Can be integrated with other building materials such as glass and roofing shingles

48
Q

Public land survey system east west lines that follow the lines of latitude

A

Parallels, base lines, standard parallels

49
Q

Public land survey system north south lines that follow longitude

A

Meridians, prime meridians, guide meridians

50
Q

Parallels and meridians are how far apart

A

24 miles

51
Q

Squares formed by parallels and meridians

A

Checks

52
Q

The 24 square mile checks are divided into

A

16 townships, each 6 miles on a side

53
Q

Township rows

A

Running east and west : township
Running north and south : range

54
Q

Township division

A

36 sections, each 1 mile square

55
Q

Soils

A

Clay
Silt
Sand
Gravel
Cobbles
Boulders
Till
Loam

56
Q

Clay

A

Poor value as a foundation material, usually try to get below it
Cohesion and plasticity properties

57
Q

Silt

A

Derived from rocks but very fine grained
Not plastic in nature
Fair to poor value as a foundation material

58
Q

Sand

A

Good for bearing when compacted

59
Q

Gravel

A

Good for bearing when compacted

60
Q

Cobbles

A

Okay for bearing but hard to compact
Can interfere with piles

61
Q

Boulders

A

Not for bearing
Used as fill
Construction problems

62
Q

Bedrock

A

Great for bearing
High capacity (take the high rise to it)

63
Q

Till

A

Clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders
When well graded good at bearing

64
Q

Loams

A

Good for plants, bad for foundations

ARE PA (4 decks)

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