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ARE PA > 1: Environmental And Contextual Conditions > Flashcards

1: Environmental And Contextual Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Water cycle

A

The general pattern of movement of the water on, under, and above the earth

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2
Q

Deciduous

A

Trees that shed leaves annually, as opposed to evergreens

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3
Q

Air rights

A

The right to the use or control of the air space above a property

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4
Q

Access right

A

The right of an owner to have ingress and egress to and from a property

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5
Q

Frontage

A

The length of a lot line along a street or other public way

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6
Q

Coniferous

A

Describing cone-bearing evergreen trees and shrubs, such as pine, spruce, fir, and cedar

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7
Q

Sun charts

A

Graphical diagrams that show the path of the sun through the sky based on the time of day and day of year. Sun charts are useful for predicting solar access at various locations

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8
Q

Solar access

A

The ability to receive light directly from the sun. Local government jurisdictions may have laws or guidelines addressing solar access issues, such as the blocking is sunlight or the shading of an adjoining property

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9
Q

Natural convection

A

The movement of air by nonmechanical , natural means. Warmer air rises and cooler air descends, which can create predictable air flows. Examples include onshore/ offshore breezes and morning/evening air movement up and down large natural formations such as valleys and mountain sides

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10
Q

Wind tunnel effect

A

The increased velocity of wind caused by the narrowing of are available for air movement. The wind tunnel effect can be enhanced by the location of large buildings in urban environments or for openings in courtyard

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11
Q

Brownfield

A

Property that has or is suspected of having hazardous substances or environmental contamination that may inhibit or complicate development or reuse. An environmental site assessment may be required to determine if hazardous substances actually exist

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12
Q

Longitude

A

The number of degrees east or west of the prime meridian on the Earth’s surface

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13
Q

Greenfield

A

A usable site not previously developed or graded. Developing a Greenfield site may remove wildlife habitat and have negative impacts on the environment

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14
Q

Dark sky

A

Reduce the light going up into the sky that reduces the visibility of stars

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15
Q

Light trespass

A

When unwanted light enters a neighboring property, for instance, by shining over a fence

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16
Q

Light pollution

A

The result of outdoor lighting that is not properly shielded, allowing light to be directed into the eyes and the night sky

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17
Q

Nadir

A

The direction pointing directly below a particular location

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18
Q

Latitude

A

The number of degrees north or south of the equator of a point of the Earth’s surface

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19
Q

Way

A

A street, alley, or other thoroughfare or easement permanently established for passage of persons or vehicles

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20
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the total pattern of relations between a community or organisms and it’s environment

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21
Q

Exedra

A

A semicircular open area, with it without a roof, providing a continuous seat

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22
Q

Datum

A

A horizontal plane elevation used as a reference for other elevations in surveying and mapping

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23
Q

Cluster

A

A type of residential siting in which a series of housing units are grouped closely together and surrounded by open space

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24
Q

Climate

A

The prevailing or average weather conditions of a place as determined over a number of years

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25
Q

Azimuth

A

A horizontal angle measured clockwise from north or south

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26
Q

Linear pattern

A

A pattern of land use that develops along a line, such as a highway or river

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27
Q

Gazebo

A

A belvedere it viewing place

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28
Q

Altitude

A

The angle that the sub makes with the horizon

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29
Q

Superblock

A

A very large area of land in which all through traffic is eliminator, but which may be penetrated by cul-de-sac or minor loop roads

30
Q

Catchment

A

The geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn, such as the customers of a shopping center or the employee of a manufacturing plant

31
Q

Environment

A

The natural and manmade things, conditions, and influences surrounding a person, community, or place

32
Q

Microclimate

A

The climatic characteristics unique to a very small area

33
Q

Landscaping

A

The design and attachment of natural elements

34
Q

Erosion

A

The gradual wearing away or disintegration of land caused by water, wind, and so on running over it’s surface

35
Q

Windbreak

A

Structures or plants that, because of their form and location, reduce wind velocity’s

36
Q

Parterre

A

An ornamental garden arrangement

37
Q

Court pattern

A

A housing pattern in which units face into common open space

38
Q

What are some of the larger ways in which context influences the development of a building site?

A

Urban development and how it affects social behavior
Community influences
Psychological and social influences
Transportation and utility influences
Basic climactic influences
Some general concepts of sustainable design

39
Q

Development pattern: expanding grid

A

City begins at the junction of 2 major roads and is laid out in a grid

40
Q

Development pattern: Star

A

Grows out of a dense urban core with development following the radiating spokes of main highways and mass transit types out of the center

41
Q

Development pattern: satellite

A

A large dense urban core is surrounded by other major urban areas

42
Q

Development pattern: field

A

No central focus or apparent overall organization scheme; amorphous

43
Q

Development pattern: megalopolis

A

2 or more major urban centers near each other grow together as the space between in developed

44
Q

Imageability

A

The quality of a physical environment that evokes a strong image in the mind of a given observer

45
Q

What are the five basic elements of the urban image?

A

Paths
Edge
District
Node
Landmark

46
Q

Path

A

A way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move

47
Q

Edge

A

A linear element that forms a boundary between 2 districts or that breaks continuity

48
Q

District

A

A 2D area perceived as having some identifying character that distinguishes it from the surrounding city

49
Q

Node

A

A focal point or center of interest that people can enter

50
Q

Landmark

A

Similar to a node in that it is a reference point, but a landmark is viewed from the exterior and may or may not be entered

51
Q

Planned unit development

A

Extension of the superblock idea; each large parcel of land is designed to mix uses- residential, commercial, recreational, and open spaces- and is designed with a variety of lot sizes and densities

52
Q

Transit oriented development

A

Construction that takes place in areas surrounding transit store
Usually includes high density of living units, commercial development, and other support services

53
Q

Catchment area

A

A geographical region in which a base of population resides

54
Q

Community influences on design

A

Catchment areas
Accessibility to transportation
Neighborhood
Public facilities

55
Q

Physiological and social influences

A

Proxemics
Behavior setting
Territoriality
Personalization
Group interaction
Status

56
Q

Transportation: roads

A

Provide a preliminary access to a site

57
Q

Transportation: local Streets

A

The lowest capacity and provide direct access to building sites, lowest traffic volume

58
Q

Transportation: collector streets

A

Connect local Streets with large arterial Streets, not designed for through-traffic access, supports lower traffic volume

59
Q

Transportation: arterial Streets

A

Major, continuous circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic on 2 and 3 lanes
Principal arterial- continuous route between urban areas, supports high traffic volume, does not provide direct site access
Minor arterial- supports high volume of traffic connecting lower and higher capacity roadways, provides moderate site access

60
Q

Transportation: expressways

A

Limited access roads designed to move large volumes of traffic between, through, and around population centers

61
Q

Tangent

A

A straight section of a road

62
Q

Transportation and utility influences

A

Access
Public transit
Service access
Utilities
Municipal services

63
Q

Climactic influences

A

Wind patterns
Solar orientation

64
Q

Sustainable design

A

General ecological considerations
Wetlands
Site analysis

65
Q

Sustainable site and building concepts

A

Building location
Building size, shape, and design
Site disturbance
Site development

66
Q

Solar path line

A

A set of curves that depict the daily and seasonal trajectories of the sun as it moves across the sky, indicating the varying heights at which the sun appears throughout the year, with the curve for December being significantly shorter than that for June

67
Q

Soil bearing pressure

A

The maximum pressure or load per unit area that the underlying soil can support without undergoing excessive settlement or deformation

68
Q

Greyfield

A

Sites that contain an unused or abandoned structure. In these cases, additional analysis will need to take place to ensure structural integrity of the existing structure in addition to environmental testing for hazardous conditions

69
Q

Blackfield

A

Previously developed sites where coal mining once took place. Here additional geotechnical analysis will need to be completed to determine that the site is suitable for building as coal mining typically involves removing large amounts of earth below grade which could cause sinkholes if the site is not properly prepared for construction

70
Q

Horizon line

A

The visual demarcation of the flat, horizontal plane where the sky seemingly converges with the Earth’s surface, effectively representing eye level when gazing into the distance.

71
Q

Prevailing Winds

A

The dominant and consistent atmospheric winds that blow in a specific direction over a particular region or location, influenced by global or local factors such as the Earth’s rotation, temperature gradients, and geographic features.

ARE PA (4 decks)

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