3 Sem, 2 Exam Flashcards
(46 cards)
How did Bohr label the shells of an atom?
K, L, M etc. or 1, 2, 3 etc.
Number of possible electrons on a shell?
2n^2
Who came up with the quantum-mechanical calculations that from the modern atomic model?
Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg
What are the four types of atomic orbitals (in order) and how many electrons can they hold?
s: sharp (2), p: principal (6), d: diffuse (10), f: fundamental (14)
How is the first atomic shell built up?
Is built up of one subshell which is built up of one s orbital.
How is the second atomic shell built up?
The second shell has two subshells. One has one s orbital in it, so a total of 2 electrons, and the other has 3 p orbitals in it, for a total of 6. That means altogether the second shell can contain 8 electrons.
What should one be careful of when writing electron configurations in the d and f block?
That the d orbitals are in the previous shell and must be written as “shell#-1” and the f orbitals as “shell#-2”
What does the solution of the Schrödinger equation give?
The energy content of the orbitals (E).
How many different orbitals are there in the subshells?
Give the shape to the first two.
s=1 (sphere), p=3 (dumbbell shaped orthogonal along x, y and z axes), d=5, f=7
Who discovered the electron spin?
Wolfgang Pauli
What two factors describe the status of an electron in an atom?
Its orbital and its spin (up-spin and down-spin)
How does one “fill-in” the spins of electrons?
The number of electrons is given by the element and its corresponding atomic number. The subshells are filled with electron (from the bottom up on an energy scale). Each subshell is filled giving each orbital an up-spin, when all the orbitals of a subshell are filled with electrons (from left to right) they are filled with down-spins (a.k.a. second electrons).
Who is responsible for the first concept of the periodic table?
Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendelejew and Lothar Meyer
What does the ionization energy measure?
The ionization energy measures the energy that is required to remove one electron from an atom in its gaseous state. This process is called ionization
Which elements have the highest ionization energies?
The elements with completely occupied p-orbitals (He, Ne, Ar, etc.). The noble gasses + He.
What are the rows (a) and the columns (b) of the periodic table called?
a) periods
b) groups
What are the (a) leftmost, (b) second leftmost, (c) all d-block, (d) all f-block, (e) second rightmost and (f) rightmost elements on the periodic table called?
a) Alkali metals
b) Alkali earth metals
c) d-transition metals / transition group / transition elements / transition metals
d) f-transition metals / inner transition elements (4f-line: lanthanides, 5f-line: actinides)
e) Halogens
f) Noble gases
Properties of alkali metals?
Very soft, extremely reactive (need to be stored in paraffine), reactions with water produce alkaline solutions, float in water (density: alk. metals < H2O)
What is a valence electron and how else is it called?
A valance electron or outer electron is an electron on the outermost shell of an atom, that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond.
a) Why do elements in the same group have a similar reactive behavior?
b) Do some elements deviate from their group’s behavior and because of which factor?
a) Because they have the same amounts of valence electrons.
b) Yes, because of the metallic character.
How does the the metallic character of the elements show itself on the periodic table?
The metallic properties decrease from left to right and increase from top to bottom, except for Hydrogen, which is a non metal.
The occupation of the orbitals with the electrons and their spins?
Hund’s Rule
What else is the octet-rule called and what does it signify?
The octet- or noble gas rule is that atoms are always seeking the state in which they have eight valence electrons in their outermost shell.
Who devised the method in which one can represent covalent bonds in a simple manner and what is this theory called?
G.N. Lewis discovered the Lewis Formula.
