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KME Chemistry > 3 Sem, 1 Exam > Flashcards

3 Sem, 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the matter named before (a) and after a reaction (b)?

A

reactant(s) => product(s)

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2
Q

Gaseous to liquid state?

A

condensation

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3
Q

Liquid to gaseous state?

A

evaporation

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4
Q

Solid to gaseous state?

A

sublimination

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5
Q

Gaseous to solid state?

A

deposition

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6
Q

Example where we can experience all states of matter?

A

dry ice/liquid carbon dioxide (CO2)

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7
Q

Split matter into two groups and the two groups into two further groups?

A

Matter: pure substances (elements, compounds), mixtures (homogenous mixtures, heterogenous mixtures)

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8
Q

Examples of physical properties of a substance?

A

boiling point, melting point, weight, magnetic, solubility, particle size

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9
Q

Draw and label a filtration.

A

pg. 6

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10
Q

What is chemical energy called?

A

enthalpy H

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11
Q

Turning a substance into coal?

A

carbonisation

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12
Q

How is water fragmented into its components? What else could you call this process?

A

Electrolysis of water / decomposition of water via electricity

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13
Q

Which metals do not corrode?

A

noble metals

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14
Q

What is the process of turning elements into compounds?

A

synthesis

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15
Q

What is the process of turning compounds into elements?

A

analysis

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16
Q

How do you calculate the mass ratio of a molecule XYZ?

A

Start with the ratio of the number of elements: n(X):n(Y):n(Y), then multiply each n( ) with the mass: m(X#):m(Y#):m(Z*#).

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17
Q

Draw and label a distillation.

A

pg. 6

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18
Q

What is the energy difference in a reaction called and how is it calculated?

A

enthalpy of reaction = ∆H = H(p) - H(r) = H(products) - H(reactants)

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19
Q

What does ∆H < 0 mean and what is this called?

A

Energy content of the reactants is higher than the energy content of the products. Energy is released to the surroundings. This process is called an exothermic reaction.

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20
Q

What does ∆H > 0 mean and what is this called?

A

Energy content of the reactants is lower than the energy content of the products. Energy is absorbed from the surroundings. This process is called an endothermic reaction.

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21
Q

Energy added to initiate a chemical reaction and its sign?

A

Activation energy (Ea)

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22
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction without being consumed and lowering enthalpy.

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23
Q

Who proposed the atomic model in ancient Greece?

A

Demokritus, Plato, Aristotle

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24
Q

Opposite charges ______ each other.

Like charges _______ each other.

A

attract

repel

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25
Q

What model did J.J. Thomson use to describe the atom?

A

The Plum Pudding Model

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26
Q

What was Rutherford’s model of the atom?

A

The atomic shells is made out of electrons orbiting the nucleus at high speed. In comparison to the sizes of the electrons and nucleus there is a vast space in between the atomic shell and the nucleus.

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27
Q

Diameter of the atomic nucleus?

A

~10^-15

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28
Q

Diameter of the atomic shell?

A

~10^-10

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29
Q

What is the section of the light spectrum called which we can see?

A

VIS-range (visible)

30
Q

What are the smaller wavelengths that we cannot see?

A

IR-range (infrared)

31
Q

What are the larger wavelengths that we cannot see?

A

UV-range (ultraviolet)

32
Q

What is light?

A

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, an energy form that travels at 300’000 km/s

33
Q

The higher the frequency, the _______ is the wavelength.

A

shorter

34
Q 
Draw a high frequency to low frequency wave and insert these words:
x-rays
infrared radiation
radio waves
gamma rays
microwaves
ultra violet radiation
A

pg. 16

35
Q

How to label shells in Bohr’s atom model?

Show the energy levels and the direction of excitation and relaxation.

A

K, L, M, N etc. from the inside out.

pg. 17

36
Q

What happens in Bohr’s atom model when an electron jumps from one shell to another inwardly (a)? The opposite direction (b)? Name the process.

A

a) relaxation: releases energy in form of light

b) excitation: absorbs energy in form of light or heat

37
Q

Draw a wave anatomy.

A

pg. 16

38
Q

How does Bohr’s atom model explain how different elements emit different parts of the light spectrum?

A

Because each element has its distinct set of shells.

39
Q

What are the elementary particles and what is their mass, electrical charge and location?

A

proton: 1.0073u / +1 / nucleus
neutron: 1.0087u / no charge / nucleus
electron: 0.0005u / -1 / shell
u = “unit”; atomic mass unit
pg. 18

40
Q

If like forces repel each other, then how are the protons in the nucleus bound together?

A

At very narrow distances the “strong forces” overcome the electric repulsion of the protons.

41
Q

What defines an element?

A

The atomic number: how many protons are in the nucleus

42
Q

What are the three most important parts of an element show in the periodic table?

A

Chemical symbol (X), mass number (sum of all protons and neutrons)(A top), atomic number (number of all protons)(Z bottom)

43
Q

When is an atom electrically neutral?

A

n(electrons)=n(protons)

44
Q

How can the amount of neutrons be calculated?

A

The mass of the atom minus the atomic number.

45
Q

When a elementary particle has a charge of 2+ do you add or subtract electrons from the proton number?

A

subtract

46
Q

When a elementary particle has a charge of 2- do you add or subtract electrons from the proton number?

A

add

47
Q

What is an element?

A

The group of all atoms with the same amount of protons. The number of neutrons is irrelevant.

48
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are forms of an element that have a different amount of neutrons but always the same amount of protons. Isotopes are atoms.

49
Q

What is a nuclide?

A

A nuclide is a particle with a defined number of protons and neutrons.

50
Q

Why are mass numbers of elements not integer?

A

Because there are many isotopes of elements and their frequency of occurrence is taken into account.

51
Q

Formula for calculating atomic mass number?

A

atomic mass number = (fraction of isotope 1 * mass of isotope 1) + (fraction of isotope 2 * mass of isotope 2) + (fraction of isotope 3 * mass of isotope 3)…..

52
Q

Do page 20.

A

pg 20

53
Q

The rule that all compounds always contains its elements in the same proportion.

A

Law of constant composition

54
Q

Who discovered radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel

55
Q

Who further developed the theory of radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Ernest Rutherford

56
Q

Who published an atomic theory 1804?

A

John Dalton

57
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus decays by losing energy, this happens independently of pressure and temperature.

58
Q

What are the three forms of radiation split in the presence of a magnetic field and how are they charged?

A

α-radiation (positively charged)
β-radiation (uncharged)
γ-radiation (negatively charged)

59
Q

What is α-radiation?

A

Helium atomic nuclei (2p^+, 2n) at high speeds.

60
Q

How to work out the change of substance if it emits an α-particle? Formula.

A

pg. 24

61
Q

How else can a α-particle be written?

A

He^2+ or α^2+

62
Q

What is β-radiation?

A

β-radiation is high-energy electrons formed through the decay of a neutron into a proton and a high-energy electron that leave the core. n –> p^+ + e^-

63
Q

How to work out the change of substance if it emits an β-particle? Formula.

A

pg. 24

64
Q

What is γ-radiation?

A

High-energetic, electromagnetic radiation, comparable with X-rays, can only occur in combination with α- or β-decay, there is no γ-decay!!!

65
Q

What is the device called to measure ionizing radiation?

A

Geiger-Müller-Counter

66
Q

What are the properties of α-radiation?

A

corpuscular radiation ⇒ high interaction with matter, high ionizing power but low penetrating power, a sheet of paper is a sufficient shielding.

67
Q

What are the properties of β-radiation?

A

corpuscular radiation ⇒ high interaction with matter, intermediate ionizing power and intermediate penetrating power, a thin plate of aluminum is a sufficient shielding.

68
Q

What are the properties of γ-radiation?

A

electromagnetic radiation ⇒ low interaction with matter, low ionizing power but high penetrating power, a thick lead plate is necessary for weakening this radiation.

69
Q

Product and reactant in a nuclear decay?

A

daughter nuclide, parent nuclide

70
Q

What is a decay series?

A

A chain of decays where a daughter nuclide is still radioactive and a parent nuclide of another decay, the series ends with a stable nuclide.

KME Chemistry (5 decks)

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