Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NORMANS > 3. resistance and repsonse > Flashcards

3. resistance and repsonse Flashcards

1
Q

what happened while william and his soldiers were recovering from the battle of hastings? (submission of the earls)

A

-surviving english leaders gathered in london
-edwin & morcar arrived with their troops
-edgar aethling and archbishop
stigand were also in london
-they all had to decide whether to resist and fight William
-if they did they would need a leader
-stigand proposed edgar aethling as king, but edwin and morcar turned down the suggestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why didn’t william approach london directly? (submission of the earls)

A

-he didn’t know if it would be dangerous to launch a direct attack on london
-if soldiers in the city resisted, then william was taking a big risk
-if he could not capture the city he would look weak and this would encourage more english resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how did william approach london?

A

-slowly with a roundabout, circular route
-first attacked the romney where some of his ships had come ashore before the battle and his men had been killed
-romney was being punished, but a warning was also being sent to other english towns and people
-then he built a castle at wallingford & berkhamsted

-as william’s army moved towards london they laid waste to homes, crops and farm animals, aiming to spread fear and intimidate the english into accepting william as king
-it worked
-first, archbishop Stigand left London to submit to william as king
-he was followed by edwin, morcar

-william’s route circled london, cutting the city off from reinforcements
-he also took control of important towns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did william want to do before he was officially crowned king?

A

subdue all english resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when was william crowned and which precautions did he take?

A

-christmas day 1066 at westminster abbey
-he ordered that an armed norman guard protect the abbey as the coronation service took place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how & when did william work to calm the country and establish his authority:

A

(between jan & march 1067)

-edgar, edwin, morcar & other english leaders formally submitted to him

-william claimed all english lands as his own but allowed earls and thegns to buy their lands back from him

-he gave the lands of those who died at hastings as rewards to those who fought in, or funded, his invasion

-he built castles, notably at norwich where he put his closest friend, william fitzOsbern, in charge of the region

-he put his half-brother, odo, in charge of the south-east

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when and why did william return to normandy?

A

at the end of march 1067, william felt that england had settled enough for him to return to normandy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who did william take to normandy with him?

A

-edgar atheling, earls edwin & morcar, and several church leaders
-they were kept in comfort, but went as hostages to weaken or discourage any english uprising while he was away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what were english ceorls and thralls forced to do for their new norman masters in 1067?

A

to build motte and bailey castles for their new masters, norman knights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how were the new masters who built castles in england told to treat the english? (in 1067)

A

-william of poitiers insisted that odo, fitzOsbern & the knights putting up castles worked hard to be just and to build up good relations with the english while king william was away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how did orderic vitalis say that the english were treated by normans during castle building in 1067?

A

(born with an english mother and french father)
-said that the castle owners oppressed the people of their new lands
-said that odo and fitzOsbern always sided with the knights if the english complained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who was edric the wild?

A

-one of the most powerful english thegns
-he had been very wealthy but lost much of his land to norman knights after 1066

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how did edric the wild get his name?

A

by living in the wild as an outlaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how & when did edric the wild rebel?

A

august 1067:
-he joined forces with welsh princes and raided norman-held land in
herefordshire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what were the effects of edric the wild’s rebellion?

A

-the rising of august 1067 never really threatened to get out of hand
-edric continued his raids for years
-william saw no need to return from normandy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

was there silent rebellion using edric the wild?

A

-the memory of edric & others who resistors may also have been kept alive through carvings
-a carved head of this type is known as a ‘green man’
-in the century after 1066, many norman churches were built all over england
-some historians believe that in the years after the conquest, the english may have carved them into the norman churches as an act of silent resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when and why did william leave normandy, when did her arrive in england?

A

-december 1067
-william’s spy network told him that serious trouble was brewing
-he left normandy and was back in london by christmas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

who was gytha?

A

the mother of king harold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where did gytha and her daughter flee to after william’s victory at the battle of hastings?

A

exeter, their family had lots of lands in the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in 1068 what did gytha and her daughter do?

A

they set about repairing and strengthening the buth’s defensive walls and towers in exeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who was gytha in touch with?

A

-irish lords
-king harold’s three sons by his english mistress, who were in ireland and had gathered an invasion force that planned to drive out the normans
-gytha was also in touch with the danish king, and hoped that the danes might invade from the east at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how did william try and negotiate with gytha & what was the result of this?

A

-he sent a message urging them to swear an oath of loyalty to him
-they replied, refusing the oath, telling him that he would never be allowed in their city and adding that they would not pay a penny more in the tax than they had under english kings
-the king sent a message back saying that he could not accept these terms, and gathered an army

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how & when did william confront gytha and the rebels, and how did this end?

A

-february 1068
-william led his army to the south-west in person
-made up of both norman and english so diers
-as he neared exeter, a group of leading citizens came to meet him
-they decided not to defy the king & promised that he could enter the city where his commands would be obeyed
-they left some of their group as hostages as a guarantee that they would keep their word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happened when the rebel spokesman returned to the city?

A

-their fellow citizens were furious at the deal
-william and his army arrived at the city gates to find them firmly closed
-the citizens stood on the walls and defied the king
-william brought forward one of the hostages and had his eyes gouged out in full view of exeter’s citizens
-this strengthened the rebellion
-one citizen, standing high on the wall, bared his bottom and farted loudly in the general direction of king william

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how did william make the exeter citizens surrender?

A

-william’s army laid siege to the city
-his engineers dug tunnels to undermine its walls
-after eighteen days, seeing they could not hold out, the hungry and thirsty citizens surrendered
-they sent another delegation to meet the king
-they took precious ornaments & holy books and offered them to william as they fell at his feet asking for mercy
-william pardoned them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what did william promise the citizens of exeter in exchange for vows of loyalty?

A

-he would not plunder the city
-he would not punish its people
-he would not demand extra tax from
exeter

-he would dispossess gytha and her daughter of all their family lands and share it among frenchmen who had supported his invasion (gytha and her daughter escaped)

william swore an oath on the holy books they had brought him that he would keep these promises and then allowed the people of exeter to keep the books and other treasures they had offered

27
Q

what changes did william make to exeter after the rebellion?

A

-he posted reliable guards at its gates to stop any looting by less-disciplined soldiers
-he chose the highest point in the city & in spring, constructed a large motte with a strong fortress on (rougemont)

28
Q

how had exeter changed by march 1068?

A

norman power & even the Norman language was established in the heart of exeter

29
Q

why did edwin want to rebel in 1068?

A

-orderic vitalis says edwin was angry because william had promised that edwin could marry one of his daughters
-this would have given edwin a lot more status, making him one of the new royal family
-william had not yet kept his promise (suggests edwin did not trust william to keep his word in the future)

30
Q

why did morcar want to rebel in 1068?

A

-morcar had been replaced as earl of northumbria, despite initially having kept his title (suggests william did not trust morcar to defend the north)
-william may even have expected morcar to rebel

31
Q

why did edwin and morcar decide to rebel together?

A

they had probably realised that they did not have the power they had expected when at first william let them keep their earldoms

32
Q

how did edwin & morcar’s rebellion begin?

A

-english leaders fled from william’s court
-edgar aethling went to scotland
-edwin and morcar went to their lands in the midlands and north
-the two earls began to gather allies against william

33
Q

what did william do once he realised that there was danger from edwin and morcar? (1068)

A

-william led an army swiftly northwards, stopping first in edwin’s lands where he had castles built
-then he headed into morcar’s land and built another castle in york.
-along the way (according to the anglo-saxon chronicle) william allowed his men to harry wherever they came

34
Q

what does harrying mean?

A

destroy housing and crops as a punishment and warning to everyone not to rebel against william

35
Q

in the end what did edwin and morcar do in response to william’s actions?

A

quickly surrendered without any fighting taking place

36
Q

what was the connection between the two rebellions in 1069?

A

edgar the aethling

37
Q

what are the believed motives for the rebels involved in the attacks in 1069?

A

-resentment at the norman take-over
-fear of losing land to the normans
-edgar aethling hoped to be king
-expectation that danish and scottish help would lead to success

38
Q

step one: attack on durham (rebellion one - early 1069)

A

-norman army sent to take control of the north was attacked at durham by local forces
-many normans were slaughtered in the streets of the town
-norman leader, robert comyn, was burned to death when he took shelter in the bishop of durham’s house
-news of the attack gave new life to the angry northerners

39
Q

step two: siege of york (rebellion one - early 1069)

A

another english army gathered and advanced on york, laying siege to the new norman castle

40
Q

step three: edgar arrives from scotland as leader (rebellion one - early 1069)

A

at the same time as the siege of the castle at york happened, edgar aethling crossed the border from scotland and came south to lead this rebellion

41
Q

step four: william marches north (rebellion one - early 1069)

A

-william acted with great speed and savagery
-he marched his army north, leaving a trail of destruction of homes, farmlands and animals behind him

42
Q

step five: end of siege + new castle built at york (rebellion one - early 1069)

A

-william’s arrival broke the siege of the castle and the rebels fled
-edgar headed back to scotland
-william built a second castle in york and headed south to spend Easter at winchester

43
Q

why was the second rebellion in 1069 so dangerous? (rebellion two)

A

-there was a large danish invasion fleet raiding the coast, led by the king of denmark and his sons
-edgar aethling led english rebels in the north who seized control of york
-there was an invasion by king malcolm of scotland
-there were rebellions in the south-west and on the welsh border
-there were attacks on Normandy by local rivals in france

44
Q

what did king swein of denmark’s fleet do in the summer of 1069? (rebellion two)

A

-appeared off the coast of kent, then sailed northwards up the east coast of england, pillaging and raiding, until it anchored in the river humber which opened the way to york

45
Q

what happened at the same time that king swein’s fleet appeared? (rebellion two)

A

-rebellion broke out in yorkshire
-edgar aechling again headed south from scotland, his army seized control of york and its castles, and slaughtered the normans in control

46
Q

how did william deal with rebellion two?

A

-he marched his army north at a fast pace and stormed into york
-the english fled
-the danes stayed on their ships rather than fight william

47
Q

how did william celebrate his success against the second rebellion?

A

he wore his crown in a great ceremony to show that he was truly king

48
Q

what happened when swein brought a fresh fleet to england in spring 1070?

A

swein he decided he was better off being bribed than fighting

49
Q

what was and when was the harrying of the north?

A

-from jan to march 1070
-william’s men worked their way across more than 100 miles of land, tracking down and killing rebels and destroying any place where they may have been hiding

50
Q

what did william do at the height of his anger during the harrying of the north?

A

-he ordered that all the corn and cattle, farming implements & every sort of food be collected in piles and set on fire
-a terrible famine fell, more than 100,000 people died of hunger

51
Q

what was orderic vitalis’ opinion on the harrying of the north?

A

he had ‘often praised william’ but couldn’t ‘commend him for this act’ as it killed the innocent and guilty

52
Q

john of worcester on the harrying of the north

A

-william committed ‘every sort of evil without pause’
-people had to ‘feed on flesh of horses, dogs, cats and even human beings’

53
Q

the church and warfare (william)

A

-church taught that killing in war was sinful
-william killed an unknown amount of people, so he would have to do penance for a day a week until he died
-as an alternative he could pay for a new church to be built
-sometime around 1070, william ordered the building of battle abbey (completed in 1094 after william’s death)

54
Q

what did knights do as penance?

A

they payed sums of money to existing monasteries or stone churches on their new lands

55
Q

what important changes did william make to the church from 1070?

A

1) stigand was replaced as archbishop of canterbury by lanfranc

2) other senior church leaders were replaced by norman priests and monks

3) william ordered all monasteries to provide men (or money instead) to serve the king as knights

56
Q

how did william find a new way to raise funds?

A

-he discovered that many wealthy englishmen were hiding their personal treasure in monasteries, as these were safer than their own houses
-william ordered a search of all monasteries and took away all such hidden wealth and many of the monasteries’ treasures
-he was able to pay off his mercenaries

57
Q

what happened at ely first and when?

A

(ely was an island with a small town had built up on the island around an abbey
-in june 1070, the island was suddenly overrun by an army of danes (same men who had promised william at xmas that they would return to their homeland, they had not)
-their leader was still asbjorn, the brother of the danish king
-king svein also arrived
-the english in the area cheered them on

58
Q

hereward in 1070

A

-on 2 June 1070, just after the Danes took ely, hereward carried out a raid on a different abbey (at peterborough)
-hereward led a large group of armed warriors into the town & burned most of its houses before breaking into the abbey and stealing all its gold, silver and jewellery
-he planned this raid when he heard that peterborough was to get a new norman abbot
-he thought the english should have the valuables rather than william’s french priests

-having taken the treasures, hereward presented them to the danes to thank them for fighting the normans
-he joined forces with the danes & they created a strong, well-protected base on the island of ely

59
Q

the danes depart (1070)

A

-on hearing that the danes had taken ely, william acted quickly
-he arranged to meet king svein and they agreed that he and his danish armies would sail home
-just a few weeks after joining forces with hereward, the danes sailed back to denmark, taking the treasures from ely and peterborough with them
-hereward was left to fend for himself against the normans

60
Q

why did king william sail back to normandy in 1070 despite the threat of hereward?

A

-william seemed happy to let his local knights and the new abbot of peterborough deal with hereward once the danes had left
-he sailed back to normandy to deal with some matters there

61
Q

what happened once william had sailed back to england from normandy in 1070? (hereward)

A

hereward’s position had strengthened:

-the abbot of ely gave his support to hereward using the island as a base

-an english bishop joined hereward’s force and brought with him rebels who had escaped from the north

-edwin and morcar left William’s court & joined hereward (only morcar reached ely, edwin died on the way)

-warriors from across england made their way to ely when it became known that another rising was under way, hereward’s army grew

62
Q

the siege of ely

A

-at some point in 1071, william decided that the rising in ely was too serious to be left to the local lords to sort out, he gathered an army and marched to east anglia

-will sent ships to block supplies & prevent them reaching ely from the sea
-william’s soldiers started to build a causeway through the marshland
-over the deeper sections, it had timber bridges that more or less floated on the water
-hereward and his men managed to defend their base for some time
-william’s army reached the island
-they marched across the newly built causeway | monks from the abbey, hoping to win the king’s favour, betrayed the rebels and led them over another secret pathway
-the english surrendered

63
Q

what happened to those who collaborated in the siege at ely?

A

-morcar and other leaders were imprisoned
-other rebels had their hands cut off or eyes gouged out
-hereward escaped & in victorian times became known as the ‘last of the english’

NORMANS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions