3. Reproduction

Question 1

Ovary

Answer 1

Stores Ovum
Produces oestrogen and progesterone

Question 2

Oviduct

Answer 2

Where fertilisation occurs

Question 3

Uterus

Answer 3

Where implantation of embryo happens

Question 4

Testes

Answer 4

Make sperm
Produce testosterone

Question 5

Prostate gland

Answer 5

Releases chemicals to make the sperm active (semen)

Question 6

SPerm tube or sperm duct

Answer 6

Tube that connects testes to urethra
Can be cut and tied during male sterilisation (vasectomy)

Question 7

Placenta

Answer 7

Attached to the wall of the uterus
is adapted for diffusion by having a large surface area for exchanging dissolved nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea
Have villi to increase the surface area

Question 8

Umbilical cord

Answer 8

Connects placenta to foetus
Carries oxygen and glucose to foetus
Carries waste material from foetus

Question 9

Amnion and amniotic fluid

Answer 9

The sac that surrounds foetus and protects it/cushions it from bumps

Question 10

Menstrual cycle

Answer 10

28 day cycle in females in which the lining of the uterus changes in thickness depending on hormones oestrogen and progesterone

Question 11

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

Answer 11

Increases in levels from day 5 to 14
Causes lining of uterus to thicken and around day 14 levels highest and causes ovulation

Question 12

Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle

Answer 12

Levels increase after ovulation
Continue to build up and maintain lining of uterus in preparation for implantation

Question 13

Menstruation

Answer 13

Days 1 to 5 of menstrual cycle - lining of uterus breaks down

Question 14

Reasons why a woman might be infertile

Answer 14

1 The ovaries do not produce an egg
2. The oviducts may be blocked or twisted, due to infection
3. Complications of some sexually transmitted inections
4. The lining of the uterus does not develop properly and so implantation can not occur
5. The vagina may be too thick or too acidic and so will be ‘hostile’ to the entering sperm

Question 15

Reasons why a man might be infertile

Answer 15

1. The male may not produce enough sperm or healthy sperm- this may be affected by smoking or excess alcohol
2. Impotence

Question 16

IVF treatment - what happens

Answer 16

Woman given hormones (fertility treatment) to cause the production of MULTIPLE ova
These ova are removed from ovaries (using a needle)
The ova and sperm are mixed in lab (in petri dish)
Fertilisation occurs
Fertilised eggs are then checked to make sure viable - are they dividing properly, no defects
Viable embryos are then placed inside the uterus of mother (usually only 2 embryos)

Question 17

What happens to the unused embryos

Answer 17

Frozen - can be used again if process unsuccessful or want another child
can be donated to other people who are struggling to get pregnant or for medical research

Question 18

What are the 3 types of contraception

Answer 18

Mechanical, Chemical, Surgical

Question 19

In Mechanical contraception describe the advantages and disadvantages of this

Answer 19

Eg condom
Advantage - physical barrier that prevents sperm from entering vagina - therefore no chance of a sperm reaching and fusing with ovum
- protect from STIs

Disadvantage
If not used correctly can lead to pregnancy

Question 20

Describe Chemical contraception

Answer 20

eg contraceptive pill or contraceptive implant
Advantage - no ova are released from the ovary due to hormones in pill/implant
no ova - no chance of sperm and ova joining in oviduct

Disadvantage - woman may forget to take pill/not take it at the same time each day so may lead to ovulation occurring and pregnancy
Does not protect agains STIs

Question 21

Describe Surgical contraception

Answer 21

IN males- Male sterilisation or Vasectomy
Sperm tubes cut and ties

Advantage - no sperm released into vagina so no sperm to join with ovum

Disadvantage - permanent and difficult to reverse - person needs to be sure not want children/any more children
- does not protec against STIs