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One Health > 3 - Rabies > Flashcards

3 - Rabies Flashcards

1
Q

who are susceptible to rabies

A

all mammals

*especially bats can transmit rabies anywhere - reservoir for rabies

  • rodents are not considered reservoirs for rabies
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2
Q

true or false - US has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission

A

true

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3
Q

what is the distribution of major rabies virus variants in the united states

A

Add photo

  • east coast raccoon
  • middle skunk
  • fox very small region in the west and Alaska
  • west coast skunk
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4
Q

T/F dogs, cats, ferrets shed virus for a few days prior to and during clinical signs

A

true

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5
Q

what is the incubation period of rabies

A

incubation period is highly variable
- 3-12 weeks in domestic animals (several days to 6 months)

  • incubation periods of >1 have been reported in humans
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6
Q

how long do dogs usually shed rabies in their saliva

A

5-10 days before clinical signs develop

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7
Q

what is the clinical presentation of rabies

A

highly variable
- inappetence, dysphagia, cranial nerve deficits, abnormal behavior, ataxia, paralysis, altered vocalization, seizures

( dumb and furious rabies are not used)

requires lab confirmation

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8
Q

what are the 2 main categories of animal - human exposure with rabies

A

bite
- any penetration of the skin by teeth

non-bite
- surgical recipients
- exposure to lg amounts of aerosolized virus
- contact of open wounds with saliva from a rabid animal

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9
Q

what indirect contact does not constitute rabies exposure

A
  • petting or handing an animal
  • contact with blood, urine, feces
  • contact of saliva with intact skin

** bat exposures have special considerations

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10
Q

t/f has there been human to human transmission of rabies other than organ transplant

A

true - no human to human transmission

except organ transplant

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11
Q

what are the two vaccines licensed for humans in the US

A
  • human diploid vaccine (HDCV)
  • purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEVC)

*each stimulated active antibody response in 7-10 days
* neutralizing antibodies persist for several years

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12
Q

what is rabies immune globulin

A

provides instant passive immunity for 21 days
- given after rabies bite

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13
Q

what is pre-exposure prevention in humans for rabies

A

two doses of RV
- day 0 and 7

follow- up
- serologic testing to ensure protection 1-3 years later or booster after 3 years w/o titer testing

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14
Q

what are high risk groups for rabies

A
  • veterinarians and staff
  • animal handlers
  • rabies researchers
  • certain lab workers
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15
Q

what are the post- exposure preventions for rabies in humans

A

prophylaxis
- wound treatment
- RIG
- RV
* considered 100% effective

not previously vaccinated
- thorough wound cleaning
- RIG (half at bite site and half IM) with 1st RV
- four doses of RV (day 0,3,7,14 post exposure)

previously vaccinated
- thorough wound cleaning
- RV on days 0 and 3

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16
Q

post exposure prophylaxis is considered what

A

a medical urgency not emergency

17
Q

how many people receive post exposure prophylaxis

A

16,000-39,000 people in the US per year

10-12 million people world wide per year

18
Q

t/f more than 200 people die from rabies in china each month

A

true

19
Q

what are the NASPHV recommendations on rabies vaccines in domestic animals

A
  • all dogs, cats, and ferrets by vaccinated
  • remove strays and unwanted animals
    - impound for 3 days in case of ownership or potential exposure
20
Q

explain rabies vaccines for wild animals

A

there are no licensed vaccines for wild of hybrid animals
- zoo vaccinate to protect valuable animals

21
Q

what happens if a human comes in contact with an animal rabies vaccine

A

injectable: does not constitute rabies exposure
vaccinia-vectored oral: should be reported but still not a rabies exposure

22
Q

when is an animal considered immunized after a rabies vaccine

A

28 days post initial infection
– boostered animals are considered immediately immune

  • regardless of age animals should be boostered 1 year after initial vaccine
23
Q

what is the typical vaccination schedule

A
  • initial vaccine at 3 months of age
  • boostered 1 year later
  • booster every 3 years
24
Q

how is rabies controlled and prevented in wildlife

A

Carnivores
- Oral rabies vaccines (ORV) for mass vaccination in select situations
- labeled for use in only raccoons and coyotes

Bats
- rabid animals reported in all 48 states
- reducing population is not feasible or desirable

25
Q

protocol for dog, cat and ferret exposure to a rabid animal

A

unvaccinated animals should be euth immediately or placed on strict isolation for 4 mos (dogs and cats) and 6 mos (ferrets)
vaccinated animals should be vaccinated immediately and observed for 45 days
— those over due for boosters also should be boostered immediately and watcher for 45 days

any signs suggestive of rabies in animals should be euth and tested

26
Q

protocol for livestock exposure to rabies

A

cattle and horses are most frequently infected
pet animals same as dogs and cats

commercial slaughter is prohibited for 8 months post exposure

  • cooking and pasteurization inactivates rabies virus
    *milk from rabid cow theoretically transmissible but highly unlikely

all other mammals exposed to a rabid animal should be immediately euth

27
Q

explain the management of animals that bite humans

A

dogs, cats and ferrets
- confined and observed for 10 days
- regardless of vaccine status
- if signs suggest rabies euth and test immediately

  • strays or unwanted animals should be euth and tested immediately

other animals are evaluated on a case by case basis

28
Q

how is rabies tested for in animals

A

for all animals except bats, submit only head and brain (incld. brain stem) to diagnostics lab
- refridg not frozen
- not chemically fixed

29
Q

what are the regulations on movement of animals internationally and interstate

A

CDC regulates the importation of dogs and cats into the US

prior to interstate movement for dogs, cats, ferrets, and horses
- should be current on rabies vaccine
- accompanied by current, valid rabies vaccine certificate

One Health (3 decks)

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