3 - Rabies Flashcards
who are susceptible to rabies
all mammals
*especially bats can transmit rabies anywhere - reservoir for rabies
- rodents are not considered reservoirs for rabies
true or false - US has been declared free of canine rabies virus variant transmission
true
what is the distribution of major rabies virus variants in the united states
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- east coast raccoon
- middle skunk
- fox very small region in the west and Alaska
- west coast skunk
T/F dogs, cats, ferrets shed virus for a few days prior to and during clinical signs
true
what is the incubation period of rabies
incubation period is highly variable
- 3-12 weeks in domestic animals (several days to 6 months)
- incubation periods of >1 have been reported in humans
how long do dogs usually shed rabies in their saliva
5-10 days before clinical signs develop
what is the clinical presentation of rabies
highly variable
- inappetence, dysphagia, cranial nerve deficits, abnormal behavior, ataxia, paralysis, altered vocalization, seizures
( dumb and furious rabies are not used)
requires lab confirmation
what are the 2 main categories of animal - human exposure with rabies
bite
- any penetration of the skin by teeth
non-bite
- surgical recipients
- exposure to lg amounts of aerosolized virus
- contact of open wounds with saliva from a rabid animal
what indirect contact does not constitute rabies exposure
- petting or handing an animal
- contact with blood, urine, feces
- contact of saliva with intact skin
** bat exposures have special considerations
t/f has there been human to human transmission of rabies other than organ transplant
true - no human to human transmission
except organ transplant
what are the two vaccines licensed for humans in the US
- human diploid vaccine (HDCV)
- purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEVC)
*each stimulated active antibody response in 7-10 days
* neutralizing antibodies persist for several years
what is rabies immune globulin
provides instant passive immunity for 21 days
- given after rabies bite
what is pre-exposure prevention in humans for rabies
two doses of RV
- day 0 and 7
follow- up
- serologic testing to ensure protection 1-3 years later or booster after 3 years w/o titer testing
what are high risk groups for rabies
- veterinarians and staff
- animal handlers
- rabies researchers
- certain lab workers
what are the post- exposure preventions for rabies in humans
prophylaxis
- wound treatment
- RIG
- RV
* considered 100% effective
not previously vaccinated
- thorough wound cleaning
- RIG (half at bite site and half IM) with 1st RV
- four doses of RV (day 0,3,7,14 post exposure)
previously vaccinated
- thorough wound cleaning
- RV on days 0 and 3
post exposure prophylaxis is considered what
a medical urgency not emergency
how many people receive post exposure prophylaxis
16,000-39,000 people in the US per year
10-12 million people world wide per year
t/f more than 200 people die from rabies in china each month
true
what are the NASPHV recommendations on rabies vaccines in domestic animals
- all dogs, cats, and ferrets by vaccinated
- remove strays and unwanted animals
- impound for 3 days in case of ownership or potential exposure
explain rabies vaccines for wild animals
there are no licensed vaccines for wild of hybrid animals
- zoo vaccinate to protect valuable animals
what happens if a human comes in contact with an animal rabies vaccine
injectable: does not constitute rabies exposure
vaccinia-vectored oral: should be reported but still not a rabies exposure
when is an animal considered immunized after a rabies vaccine
28 days post initial infection
– boostered animals are considered immediately immune
- regardless of age animals should be boostered 1 year after initial vaccine
what is the typical vaccination schedule
- initial vaccine at 3 months of age
- boostered 1 year later
- booster every 3 years
how is rabies controlled and prevented in wildlife
Carnivores
- Oral rabies vaccines (ORV) for mass vaccination in select situations
- labeled for use in only raccoons and coyotes
Bats
- rabid animals reported in all 48 states
- reducing population is not feasible or desirable
protocol for dog, cat and ferret exposure to a rabid animal
unvaccinated animals should be euth immediately or placed on strict isolation for 4 mos (dogs and cats) and 6 mos (ferrets)
vaccinated animals should be vaccinated immediately and observed for 45 days
— those over due for boosters also should be boostered immediately and watcher for 45 days
any signs suggestive of rabies in animals should be euth and tested
protocol for livestock exposure to rabies
cattle and horses are most frequently infected
pet animals same as dogs and cats
commercial slaughter is prohibited for 8 months post exposure
- cooking and pasteurization inactivates rabies virus
*milk from rabid cow theoretically transmissible but highly unlikely
all other mammals exposed to a rabid animal should be immediately euth
explain the management of animals that bite humans
dogs, cats and ferrets
- confined and observed for 10 days
- regardless of vaccine status
- if signs suggest rabies euth and test immediately
- strays or unwanted animals should be euth and tested immediately
other animals are evaluated on a case by case basis
how is rabies tested for in animals
for all animals except bats, submit only head and brain (incld. brain stem) to diagnostics lab
- refridg not frozen
- not chemically fixed
what are the regulations on movement of animals internationally and interstate
CDC regulates the importation of dogs and cats into the US
prior to interstate movement for dogs, cats, ferrets, and horses
- should be current on rabies vaccine
- accompanied by current, valid rabies vaccine certificate
