3. Psychology 1 Flashcards
Alzheimer’s disease (physiological changes)
Normally amyloid precursor proteins (APP) are sniped but instead aggregate into beta-amyloid plaques. Tau protein undergoes hyper phosphorylation and causes the modified tau protein to aggregate into insoluble neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s disease signs and symptoms
Memory lossImpaired cognitionLanguage deteriorationNormally after 65Late stages: more severeLoss of judgementConfusionDrastic mood and personality changes
memory
storage and retrieval of information
learning
long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
automatic processing
requires no attention or conscious effort ( multitasking on the phone)
controlled processing
if repeated, can become automatic processing through repetition (learning the alphabet and how now it is recalled effortlessly)
maintenance rehearsal
repetitive rehearsal of new information without thinking about its meaning or contextcan only maintain information in the working memory, at at most create a weak, short lived long term memory
elaborative rehearsal (semantic rehearsal)
rehearsal of new information by thinking about its meaning, purpose, and relationship to previously-known conceptsdo both initial encoding and spaced repetitions
visual encoding
encoding of an image or visualization
acoustic encoding
encoding of a sound
semantic encoding
encoding of meaning, understanding, or a concept’s interrelation with other informationresults in the strongest, most enduring memories, that are recalled more easily and rapidly.
mneumonics
word association devices (SOH-CAH-TOA)
chunking
learning in chunks.learning by chapters, sections, or units
peg-word system
memorized paragraph or sentence, that can be associated or applied to other examples(using the 12 days of christmas to remember the twelve steps of catabolism or something else)
method of loci
sherlock holmes memory room
state-dependent learning
memory encoded in a particular place or setting, or in conjunction with a sight, sound, or smellrecall is enhanced when attempted in a matching state-at the same place, in the same setting, or in conjunction with the same sight, sound or smell
self-reference effect
effect that when memory is applied to self, it is remembered more easily (like one that had bell’s palsy would remember more about bell’s palsy)
spacing effect
learning information over time, rather than in one chunk
desirable difficulties
expensive memory principleeasily learned = easily forgoteninformation more difficult to find = more retentiondeep processing
shallow processing
encoding what things look like (words on a textbook)
deep processing (semantic processing)
involves encoding the meaning of a concept, the context surrounding a concept, or making relational connections to other previously-encoded memories
sensory memory
ex. shown a flash card, remembered what is on the flash card real quick
working memory
memory that pulls and applies the information
short term memory
short lived, under 30 seconds
long term memory
memory above 30 seconds, limitless duration, and capacity with enough repetition
explicit memory (declarative memory)
conscious, intentional recall of memory
implicit memory (non-declarative memory)
automatic, unconscious recall, usually of skills, procedures or conditioned responses
procedural memory
motor skills, muscle memory
episodic memory
time line memory, environment experience, remembering what happened and where at a certain time.
semantic memory
memory or ideas attached to other memories
semantic networks
semantic processing and memory storage that adds context and meaning to what would otherwise be a rote factnodes and webs conceptsuperordinate links- connect concept to category (dog –> animal)modifier links- connects concept to properties (dog –> tail)
spreading activation
how semantic networks process and recall eventsprimary, seconday, tertiary nodes, etc…stronger connections: more similar or closely related, frequently used connections
recall
retrieval and active statement or correct application of a memory
recognition
associating information with an existing memory
relearning
increased learning efficiency when reinforcing an existing memory
priming effect
resenting with a related word or phrase first increases recall or verification rate (saying “nurse” first, would prime the recall of “doctor” much more quickly)
typicality effect
increasing recall or verification rate over using a less typical example (“robin is a bird” is recalled much more quickly than a “penguin is a bird”)
familiarity effect
increasing recall or verification rate over using familiar examples (a dog is a mammal is much more familiar than, an aardvark is a mammal)
category size effect
increasing recall or verification rate over using group sizes with fewer members and decrease if the category has many members (a german shepherd is a dog is verified more quickly than a german shepherd is a mammal)
true-false effect
true statements are verified more quickly than false statements
serial position effect
presentation order or position helps with recallprimary effect - things learned first are more easily recalledrecency effect - things learned most recent are more easily recalled
interference effects
a new memory that is similar to an existing one can cause DIFFICULTY to remember the new memory
proactive interference
old memories interfere with new ones ( struggling to remember new phone number because of old one)
retroactive interference
new memories interfere with recall of old ones
automatic spreading activation
when a primer is a category name and the target is an example within the category
heightened emotion states
increase memory
emotional interference
heightened emotion can increase strength of one memory while decreasing the memory of other memories surrounding that
positive recall
remembered more easily
negative recall
forgotten more easily
level of detail
more detailed memories are recalled more easily
state-dependent learning
similar to states to which memory is encoded, and retrieved enhances recall
spaced repetition
don’t cram
long term memory traces
fragile, needs reenforcing and rehearsing to last
the curve of forgetting
hermann ebbinghous retention percent vs. time graph –> shows how retention decreases with time, but slope slows with more review
interference
new memories can interfere with the recall of the existing memories, especially if new memories are similar to preexisting memories
episodic memory
noticeable loss, what did i do Friday night?, where was I when 9/11 happened?
source memory
like episodic memory, noticeable loss, where did I read or learn about that?, who told me about 9/11?
semantic memory (implicit memory)
no decline, including procedural memory
