3)PROBLEMS IN SURGERY (PAIN,BLOODLOSS,INFECTION)

Question 1

Name the three main problems of surgery before 1840’s

Answer 1

Pain,blood loss and infection

Question 2

(INFECTION)What were the ways to combat infection Pre-1940s

Answer 2

None, little understanding of disease=Docs unknowingly brang infection into surgery

Question 3

(INFECTION) How did surgeons combat infection?

Answer 3

Surgeons didn’t change pus and blood covered clothing, unwashed hands, re used bandages and sponges, equipment not sterile

Question 4

(BLOOD LOSS) What methods or techniques were available to reduce blood loss?

Answer 4

A TOURNIQUET- wrapped tightly around a limb, reduces blood in the artery

Question 5

(PAIN)What were the pain reliefs available Pre-1940’s?

Answer 5

Opium, Hemlock, knocking or holding the patient down

Question 6

Name 1 development in dealing with pain

Answer 6

ETHER-1846: Robert Liston 1st to use ETHER in amputation

Question 7

What were some negatives of Ether?

Answer 7

Induced vomiting and irritation of the lungs ,highly flammable

Question 8

Name another development in dealing with pain

Answer 8

James Simpson-CHLOROFORM- 1847

Question 9

What made CHLOROFORM more widely accepted?

Answer 9

( ROYAL APPROVAL) Used by QUEEN VICTORIA -1953

ALSO media coverage

Question 10

NAME 3 opposes to the use of CHLOROFORM

Answer 10

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH DISAPPROVAL-PAIN SENT FROM GOD

ARMY SURGEONS THOUGHT SOLDIERS SHOULD TOLERATE PAIN

DIFFICULT TO GET THE DOSAGE RIGHT
(just enough to induce unconsciousness not death)

Question 11

What was a positive from the use of chloroform?despite pain relief

Answer 11

Doctors were more confident to attempt longer and complex surgeries

Question 12

What developments helped with the problems of chloroform?

Answer 12

JOHN SNOW-CHLOROFORM INHALER-1948(controlled dosage)

Question 13

What was an event that highlighted the negative effects of chloroform before the CHLOROFORM INHALER

Answer 13

The death of (14) HANNAH GREENER-1848 /toenail removal

Question 14

What was some negative effects of chloroform?

Answer 14

Resulted in ‘BLACK PERIOD’- death rate increased-)more complex surgery=increased chance of infection/blood loss

Question 15

Why was the 3 major breakthroughs in surgery so significant with dealing with pain?

Answer 15

More people willing to get surgery, with ought this other developments would be ineffective.

Question 16

What did the lack of improvement in blood loss result in?

Answer 16

no lengthy operations

Question 17

How did infection contribute to the BLACK PERIOD of surgery

Answer 17

more elaborate surgery and unhygienic equipment =many developed gangrene around surgical wound–)developed into sepsis till patient died/blood cut off increased risk of gangrene