3. Population change-migration Flashcards
Migration is the
movement from one place to another usually across a political boundary.
it may be permanent or semi permanent and such movements have been taking place throughout human history
The United Nations defines permanent as
a change of residence lasting more than 1 year
movements can have significant consequences for
population change of towns., cities and nations.
Large migrant streams can alter
population composition as in the case of past African migrants to the New World, as well as structures
The terms immigration and emigration are used with reference to
international migration
The corresponding terms for internal movements are
in-migration and out-migration
Net migration is
the number of migrants entering a region or country minus the number of migrants who leave the same region or country.
Migrations are embarked upon from
an area of origin and are completed at an area of destination.
there are intervening obstacles and opportunities between points of origin and destination
Migrants sharing a common origin and destination form a
a migration stream
For every migration stream a counter stream or reverse flow usually occurs
what factors encourage people to migrate
push and pull factors
Push factors are
Push factors are those that cause people to leave because of pressures which make them dissatisfied with their present home
pull factors are
are those perceived qualities that attract people to a hew settlement.
the positive factors at the destination
migration includes movements where?
both between countries and within a country
Migration affects
the distribution of people over a given area as well as the total population of a region and the population structure of a country or city
Push factors of migration (7)
Intolerance Poor employment Low income Housing shortages Adverse climatic conditions Natural disasters Social upheaval
pull factors of migration (7)
Job prospects High wages Improved housing Amenities Attractive environment High standard of living Tolerance
reasons why people migrate (4)
People migrate for a variety of reasons.
1) may leave countries which do not offer employment opportunities; in which the quality of life is low
2) because they fear for the security of themselves or their families;
3) to escape the ravages of war and intolerance.
4) Some are also forcibly moved from their homes.
Internal migration refers to
population movement within a country
external migration involves
a movement across national boundaries and between countries
External migration, unlike internal movement, affects
the total population of a country
The migration balance is
the difference between the number of emigrants (people who leave the· country) and immigrants (newcomers arriving in the country)
Countries with a net migration loss lose what?
lose more through emigration than they gain by immigration and, depending upon the balance between birth and death rates, may have a declining population
Countries with a net migration gain receive what?
receive more by immigration than they lose through emigration and so are likely to have an overall population increase (assuming birth and death rates are evenly balanced)
Migrations can either be
voluntary or forced.
Voluntary and forced migration can be subdivided into
internal
external (international)
temporary
permanent
Forced migration is
unintended movement where the individual or household has little or no choice but to move from an area due to natural disasters or because of economic, religious, social impositions, conflict, development policies, projects and disasters (environmental or human factors)
in forced migration, People may be forcibly removed from their homes and relocated to make room for
economic developments.
forced internal movement is where
People are forced to leave their homes but still reside within the borders of their own country.
A good example of forced internal movement in China
the building of the Three Gorges Dam in China.
The dam was built across the Yangtze River to control flooding and provide hydroelectric power to keep pace with China’s economic development.
Hundreds of villages and towns ,were inundated and over 1 million people forced to leave the Chongqing Municipality for infertile mountainous land along the river.
Worldwide, internally displaced persons (IDP) in 2003 were thought to number about
25 million
example of external forced displaced persons (8)
1) The slave trade between Africa and the New World was an example of forced external migration.
2) The partition of India and Pakistan forced
large scale movement across the new international borders.
5) Today large numbers of forced migrants have to flee war, violence and chaos in their homelands - the mass movement from Rwanda in the 1990s to escape genocide; the migration caused by conflicts in Iraq, Georgia, America and Yugoslavia.
6) Human trafficking
7) volcanic eruptions in Montserrat forced many to leave their homes for foreign countries.
8) c1imate change is expected to produce new waves of forced migration it is estimated that by the year 2050, about 200 m1ll1on persons may be displaced by climate change.
example of forced internally displaced persons in the west
2.8mill IDPs in Sri Lanka and Colombia.
and in Iraq in 2008, where they fled from Bagdad to safer zones in the far north, south and west of the country
places where the most worldwide internally displaced persons took place (4)
Africa -Sudan,
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC),
Uganda and
Angola
human trafficking is regarded as
contemporary slavery and forced labor involving domestic servitude, child solider, algaculture and the commercial sex trade
Refugees are
people who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
how Some of the forced migrants settle (2)
1) permanently in their new homes.
2) Others return home when the threats have passed.
Voluntary migration is
the free movement of individuals or groups from their homes where they have a free choice about whether to move or not
e.g. because they are looking for an improved quality of life or personal freedom.
Such movements are usually influenced by ‘push and pull’ factors
Voluntary migration is usually influenced by what?
‘push and pull’ factors
Voluntary migration may be internal and such movements may be
temporary (daily commuters) or permanent relocation
Commuters between home and work are
temporary internal migrants (a movement sometimes referred to as ‘circulation’)
