2. Population change- Natural

Question 1

Most countries undertake a census of their population, generally every

Answer 1

10 years.

Question 2

what is collected during the census of a population (3)

Answer 2

1) data on the age and sex of population
2) other variables, such as numbers of births are collected.
3) Data on the number of immigrants and emigrants are also collected.

Question 3

These data in the census of the population provide the

Answer 3

necessary information on population change in the country: both by natural increase and net migration

Question 4

On a global scale; migration has no effect on

Answer 4

population change

Question 5

Analysis of natural population growth and natural increase, is important for

Answer 5

planning aspects of development of a country.

Policies may be developed to address the factors influencing birth rates, death rates and life expectancy.

Question 6

In some countries population growth outstrips the countries’

Answer 6

ability to provide for their needs.

These countries try to restrict the birth rates by enforcing anti-natalist policies.

Question 7

what other countries may offer when they have declining populations

Answer 7

incentives to increase their birth rates by adopting pro-natalist policies.

Question 8

Populations change naturally because of

Answer 8

the relationship between numbers of persons being born (the crude birth rate) and numbers dying (the crude death rate).

Question 9

The crude birth rate refers to

Answer 9

the number of live births per 1000 population in a given year.

Question 10

The crude birth rate is crude because

Answer 10

the number of births is related to the total population without any consideration of the age and sex composition

Question 11

a count1y’s birth rate is affected by

Answer 11

its age and sex composition.

Question 12

A country with a high proportion of young adults will have a

Answer 12

high birth rate.

Question 13

explain population growth in Mali and Finland

Answer 13

The median age of the population of Mali in West Africa in 2009 was 15.6 and the percentage of the population in the 0-14 age group was 42.9.

The corresponding figures for Finland were 42 and 17.9.

Mali has a birth rate of 49.2 per 1000 and Finland, 10.4.

Moreover, given the size of the young population, population growth in Mali may continue to be high.

Question 14

what birth rates are considered to be high

Answer 14

Birth rates of 30 and above are considered to be high.

Question 15

what birth rates are considered to be low

Answer 15

Birth rates of less than 18 per 1000 are considered low

Question 16

example of caribbean countries birth rates in 2009

Answer 16

• Barbados had a birth rate of 12.6
• Trinidad and Tobago, 13.2
• Jamaica 20.4 per 1000.

Question 17

what causes countries to have low birth rate (2)

Answer 17

1) Countries with a low proportion of women

2) a small proportion of young adults

Question 18

what causes countries to have high birth rate (2)

Answer 18

1) a high proportion of young adults (especially women)

2) countries where there is opposition to contraception

Question 19

countries with a low proportion of women will have a

Answer 19

low birth rate

Question 20

culture and social customs that influence birth rate (4)

Answer 20

1) religion
2) the age of marriage
3) the status of women
4) the population policies adopted by countries

Question 21

where there is there a strong opposition to contraception

Answer 21

in some countries ,where a large proportion of the population comprises Roman Catholics or Muslims, birth rates are high.

This is a generalization that docs not always hold true and there arc notable exceptions because of the many factors that affect a country’s birth rate

Over 90% of the population of Italy are Roman Catholics but Italy has one of the lowest birth rates (8.2 per 1000) in Europe.

Question 22

the country with the lowest birth rate in Europe

Answer 22

Italy

Question 23

how the level of education in the country and especially the level among women affects the birth rate

Answer 23

Where women have access to educational opportunities and arc involved in what the International Labour Organization (ILO) describes as ‘decent’ work, they limit their family size.

The decisions of such women who work full time during the child bearing years, are influenced by government policies such as funded health and child care benefits. For example, Scandinavian countries have more generous benefits for families with children than Italy and the birth rate in Sweden is 50 per cent higher than in Italy

Question 24

The decisions of women who work full time during the child bearing years, are influenced by

Answer 24

government policies such as funded health and child care benefits

Question 25

what influences birth rate (3)

Answer 25

- the population - culture and social customs - level of education in the country (especially among women)

Question 26

The birth rate is crude because

Answer 26

its denominator contains males as well as females who are not in the child bearing age group

Question 27

why the birth rate is not useful for the purpose of comparison

Answer 27

Because of differences in age and sex composition across the world, the birth rate is not useful for the purpose of comparison

Question 28

what is more useful than the birth rate

Answer 28

Far more useful is the fertility rate which measures reproduction among the child bearing group

Question 29

The total fertility rate is

Answer 29

the average number of children that a woman would bear if she lived her full reproductive lifetime

Question 30

In a count1y with a total fertility rate of two, how many children would a woman would have on average during her lifetime

Answer 30

on average, two children during her lifetime.

Question 31

It may seem that if a woman has two children during her lifetime she would be able to replace herself and her husband. However,

Answer 31

allowances must be made for those women who do not have children and for infants and other deaths in the population The replacement fertility rate is considered to be between 2.1 and 2.3 or even higher, depending on the mortality rate.

Question 32

replacement fertility rate is

Answer 32

the rate at which children must be born to replace those dying in the population

Question 33

The death or mortality rate is also expressed as

Answer 33

deaths per 1000 persons of a population in a year. This is called a 'crude' death rate

Question 34

crude death rate is

Answer 34

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Question 35

where are mortality rates higher?

Answer 35

Generally, mortality rates are higher in less developed than more developed countries

Question 36

from the able 2.2 showing the death rate for selected countries. it is clear that

Answer 36

the countries in the Caribbean have a lower death rate than those in more economically developed countries such as Italy and the United States of America

Question 37

countries in the Caribbean have a lower death rate than those in more economically developed countries such as Italy and the United States of America but these rates are not meaningful for comparative purposes because

Answer 37

the age structure of these countries differs. Countries with a high proportion of young adults will have a lower death rate than countries with an ageing population. The proportion of the population aged 65 years and over in Italy (20%) is twice that of Barbados. to overcome this problem, the death rate is calculated for different age groups. This is the age specific death rate

Question 38

age-specific death rate is

Answer 38

the number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year of a specific age group

Question 39

The infant mortality rate is

Answer 39

the deaths in the first year of life

Question 40

The infant mortality rate is important because

Answer 40

improvements in health and health services have had the most significant impact on these ages. The infant mortality rate in Mali is 102.5 per 1000 live births, the rate in Italy is 5.5

Question 41

death rate is dependent on?

Answer 41

age structure medicine and sanitation social conditions

Question 42

what caused life expectancy at birth or the number of years an individual is expected to live or their lifespan to increase and cause low death rates?

Answer 42

- modern medicine and improvements in sanitation | - social conditions- better diets, better housing.

Question 43

some countries are still failing despite improvements in medicine, sanitation and social conditions are those that

Answer 43

are affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Question 44

eg of where the countries affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic has caused life expectancy to fall

Answer 44

sub-Saharan Africa Two thirds of all people infected with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa and the virus has affected health, education, livelihoods and the workplace. Life expectancy at birth in Botswana fell from 65 years in 1990-1995 to 40 in 2000-2005. The epidemic is also spreading rapidly in Asia

Question 45

The natural increase is

Answer 45

The difference between birth rates and death rates. Increases or decreases in the population resulting from migration are not included.

Question 46

what is not included in natural increase of a population

Answer 46

Increases or decreases in the population resulting from migration

Question 47

calculate the natural increase of Jamaica in 2009

Answer 47

the birth rate in Jamaica in 2009 was 20.4 per 1000 and the death rate, 6.4. Its rate of natural increase was 14 per 1000. expressed as a percentage; 1.4% annually.

Question 48

the natural increase is usually expressed as

Answer 48

a percentage

Question 49

The natural increase in Germany is

Answer 49

0.2% and without immigration its population would be shrinking

Question 50

a country is experiencing zero population growth when

Answer 50

When a country's birth plus immigration are equal to deaths plus emigration

Question 51

Immigration means

Answer 51

Migration to a new location | eg-they immigrated from mexico

Question 52

Emigration means

Answer 52

Migration from a location | eg- they migrated to mexico

Question 53

eg of countries experiencing zero population growth

Answer 53

- Germany | - Japan

Question 54

It is useful to know how quickly a population is growing and one method to do so is by

Answer 54

calculating it's doubling time

Question 55

doubling time is

Answer 55

The number of years needed to double a population by itself, if the present growth is maintained

Question 56

How to calculate doubling time

Answer 56

This can be roughly estimated by dividing 70, the natural logarithm of 2, by the percentage growth rate: t= 70/k (growth rate as a percentage)

Question 57

Jamaica with a growth rate of 1.4% will have a doubling time of what?

Answer 57

70/1.4 = 50 years

Question 58

A belief that a rapid population growth would retard development has caused several countries to

Answer 58

implement policies to restrict growth

Question 59

examples of countries that implemented policies to restrict growth

Answer 59

China

Question 60

which country that implemented policies to restrict growth was the most successful

Answer 60

China