3. Political preferences and voting behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the traditional view on how preferences are formed

A

Economic factors were seen as the dominant explanation for why and actor held the preferences they did

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2
Q

Describe Karl Marx’ theory on how preferences were formed

A

An individual’s understanding of the world was determined by their relationship to the “means of production” (physical objects needed to produce goods – land, factories, mines, tools)

Basically, whether you were an owner of capital or a worker determines your political viewpoint

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3
Q

Describe Max Weber’s belief on how political preferences are formed

A

Also believed that economics was the primary determinant of political viewpoint but he believed it was wealth and not ownership of capital that was the determining factor

So a well-paid worker may have more in common with an owner of capital than with other workers

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4
Q

What happened in the 1960s that challenged the viability of the traditional view of how political preferences are formed

A
  • Embourgeoisment of society
  • New classes that blurred the liens between wealthy and poor (the middle class)
  • New liberal professions (doctors, lawuers, teachers, journalists)
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5
Q

What are the most commonly used left-right dimensions

A

Left

  • Progressives and social liberals

Right

  • Conservatives and capitalists
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6
Q

Why do political scientists like the traditional right-left dimension

A

Appealing because it is nearly universal (present in almost every country)

This enables comparisons between countreis and also over time

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7
Q

What were Dalton’s findings relating to the left-right scale

A
  • Found that in most countries, over 50% of people were able to locate their political preferences on a left-right dimension
  • Broad nature limits the analytical use of the left-right dimensions
  • Left-right scale was comprised of different issues in different regions of the world
    • In advanced industrial societies the two strongest issues people associated with the left-right scale were economics and religion
    • Eastern Europe = economics and religion
    • Latin America = gender and religion
    • Asian democracies = gender and nationalism
    • Arab countries = mainly religion and also gender
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8
Q

Which 2 distinct dimensions do most political scientists use

A

Economic left-right dimension

Left Right State should intervene State should not intervene

  • How far a state should intervene in the economic freedoms of its citizens
  • Welfare state, taxation, market regulation

Social left-right dimension

Left Right State should not intervene State should intervene

  • How far the state should intervene in the social freedoms of its citizens
  • Minority rights, lifestyle choices and post-material issues
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9
Q

Describe Liberalism

A
  • Emerged in 19th century
  • Economic and social freedoms
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10
Q

Describe Conservatism

A
  • Evolved as a defense against liberalism and the threat to traditional authorities (church and aristocracy)
  • Greater intervention to social freedoms but still minimal intervention on economic freedom
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11
Q

Describe Socialism

A
  • Late 19th century / early 20th century
  • Emerged with the extension of voting to working class men
  • In favor of both economic and social intervention
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12
Q

Describe Environmentalism

A
  • Emerged in 1960s-70s
  • Non-intervention on social freedoms
  • Intervention on economic freedoms in order to protect the environment
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13
Q

What is the cleavages model

A

A theory for explaining voting behaviour

Focussed on how social group membership (such as class) led to party identification and this rigidly influenced who they voted for

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14
Q

What is expressive voting

A

Related to the Cleavages model

  • Voting on the basis of party attachment, political ideology or social group membership
  • Preferences don’t matter, voting was a reflection of a person’s identification with a particular party
  • This identification was formed on the basis of an individual’s membership in a particular social group
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15
Q

What is a cleavage

A

A divide in society that provided the potential for political conflict

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16
Q

Provide 2 examples of cleavages

A

Industrial revolution

* Upper and middle classes (conservative/liberal)
 vs
 Working class (socialist/social democrat)

Democratic revolution (late 19th century)

  • Traditional elites and authority structures (church)
    vs
    Newly emerging liberal professionals (state)
17
Q

Name 2 implications of the cleavages model

A
  1. Once a citizen identifies with a party, they don’t necessarily appraise the party’s policies or exercise reflective judgement prior to voting
  2. Voting patterns shoudl be stable and slow to change
18
Q

Describe the de-alignment of cleavages

A

1960s-70s - cleaves model was no longer able to explain voting behaviour

  • Increase in economic growth and prosperity led to embourgeoisment of working class
  • Reduced inter-class conflict
  • Introduction of public/private divide
  • Increase in education levels and media
  • Rise of post-material values
19
Q

What is The Alford Index

A

A measure utilised with the cleavages model

  • Measure of class voting
  • Percentage of workign class voters who voted for their expected class-based parties minus the percentage of upperclass who voted for this party
  • Shows a marked decline in class voting since the 1960s
20
Q

What is the Strategic Voting theory

A

Refers to voting to produce an election outcome which is as close as possible to one’s policy preferences

May or may not mean voting for one’s preferred party

Model assumes a voter can locate their preferred position on a one or two-dimensional scale and that they can estiamte the distance between theis point and the differnt policy proposals offered by each party

21
Q

Provide 2 examples of Strategic Voting

A

Local

  • If a voter’s preferred candidate has no chance of winning, he ay vote for the next best thing

National

  • Preferred party has no chance or will form a coalition with a party much further away from voter’s preferences
  • May vote for aparty that has a chance which is close to preferences