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Sp. Phys 1 > 3. PNS and ANS > Flashcards

3. PNS and ANS Flashcards

1
Q

afferent

A

sensory
IN

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2
Q

efferent

A

motor
OUT

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3
Q

somatic afferents

A

IN from
skin
muscle
joints

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4
Q

visceral afferents

A

IN from
organs

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5
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to chemicals

aka chemoreceptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors

A

free nerve endings (pain/temp)
pacinian corpuscel (pressure)
meissners corpuscle (touch)
muscle spindle (stretch)

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7
Q

Explain myocardial infarction

A
  1. blocked coronary artery = no blood supply
  2. increase pH -> acidosis
  3. increase proinflammatory cytokines
  4. Action potential in medulla
    • increase Ach = decrease HR
      (motor vagus)
    • decrease Nor = decrease HR
      (sympathetic)
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8
Q

inflammatory reflex (MI)

A

inhibits cytokine synthesis through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

negative feedback loop

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9
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory
interneuron
motor neuron

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10
Q

sensory neuron

A

somatic
visceral

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11
Q

motor neuron

A

organs

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12
Q

Location of AP generation in motor neuron

A

axon hillock

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13
Q

Location of AP generation in sensory neuron

A

1st node of Ranvier

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14
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

pressure/stretch

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15
Q

pulmonary stretch receptor location

A

trachea
central airways
pleurae

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16
Q

inflation reflex

A

lung inflates
stimulates stretch receptors in pleurae
receptors send inhibitory signals to medullary respiratory centers
inhibits further inhalation
expiration occurs

**protective response to not over-inflate lungs

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17
Q

proprioceptors

A

changes in muscle length or tension

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18
Q

proprioception

A

self-movement
body postion

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19
Q

proprioceptor locations

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organ

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20
Q

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

A

muscle scensors

sensory fibers (Ib type) relay info about force production

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21
Q

GTO detect

A

muscle tension/force

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22
Q

Muscle spindles

A

muscle receptors

sensory neuron = stretch
Type Ia and II sensory afferents

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23
Q

muscle spindles detect

A

muscle length/change

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24
Q

fine movement =

A

more muscle spindles

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25
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

alpha motor neurons
contraction

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26
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

gamma motor neurons
form (taut) spindles

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27
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates

or

motor end plate synapsing w/muscle fibers

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28
Q

motor neurons form

A

2-neuron circuit

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29
Q

upper motor neuron

A

originates in cerebral cortex
travels to brain stem/sc

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30
Q

lower motor neuron

A

originates in spinal cord
innervate muscle and glands

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31
Q

Neuromuscular junciton (NMJ)

A

a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/ smooth/ cardiac). It is the site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle.

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32
Q

all motor neurons release _____ at synapse

A

Ach

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33
Q

Ach causes a

A

EPP
always excitatory

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34
Q

what is the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane of somatic motor neurons

A

n1AchR

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35
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

A

chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease

causes weakness in skeletal muscles

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36
Q

MG mechanism

A

antibodies bind to nAChR

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37
Q

MG treatment

A

use AChE inhibitors
(neostigmine/pyridostigmine)
block Ach breakdown

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38
Q

neostigmine MG mechansim

A

blocks AchE from breaking down ACh

Increases ACh in synaptic cleft

downregulates ACh receptors

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39
Q

somatic efferents

A

innervate skeletal muscle, skin

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40
Q

autonomic efferents

A

involuntary
innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland, etc

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41
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight
usually through spinal cord

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42
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
usually through vagus/cranial nerves

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43
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

part of the PNS that acts as a control system
functions below level of consciousness
controls visceral functions

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44
Q

Sympa heart

A

increase HR
increase contractility

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45
Q

sympa blood vessels

A

constriction
increase BP

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46
Q

sympa lungs

A

bronchodilation
increase O2 levels

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47
Q

sympa GIT

A

decrease motility
schincter contraction
decrease secretions

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48
Q

para heart

A

decrease HR
decrease contractility

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49
Q

para blood vesses

A

no effect

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50
Q

para lungs

A

bronchoconstriction
less O2

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51
Q

para GIT

A

increase motility
relax sphincter
increase secretions

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52
Q

efferent autonomic nerves originate in

A

medulla

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53
Q

brainsstem controls

A

cardiovascular system
respiratory system

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54
Q

autonomic control of respiratory drive and cardiovascular function originates in

A

medulla

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55
Q

efferent autonomic pathways

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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56
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons release

A

ACh which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine to blood stream

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57
Q

ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine released

A

Epi:NE
4:1

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58
Q

somatic nervous system neurons originate

A

spinal cord

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59
Q

somatic nervous system target organ

A

skeletal muscle

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60
Q

somatic nervous system NT

A

ACh

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61
Q

somatic nervous system NT receptor

A

N1 AChR

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62
Q

somatic nervous system ganglion locations

A

no ganglion

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63
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system ganglion location

A

close to organs

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64
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system preganglionic fiber length

A

long

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65
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system target organ

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
gland

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66
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system NT

A

ACh

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67
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system ganglion receptor

A

N2ACh

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68
Q

parasympathetic autonomic nervous system NT receptor

A

MACh

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69
Q

sympa auto nervous system preganglion length

A

short

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70
Q

sympa auto nervous system ganglion NT

A

ACh

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71
Q

sympa auto nervous system Chromaffin cell NT

72
Q

sympa auto nervous system ganglion receptor

73
Q

sympa auto nervous system chromaffin receptor

74
Q

sympa auto nervous system ganglia location

A

close to spinal cord

75
Q

sympa auto nervous system target organ

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
gland

76
Q

sympa auto nervous system NT

A

Norepinephine
Epinephrine

4:1 ratio

77
Q

sympa auto nervous system receptors

A

alpha/beta adrenergic receptors

78
Q

sympathetic neurons length

A

short preganglion
long post ganglionr

79
Q

parasympathetic neurons length

A

long preganglion
short postganglion

80
Q

skeletal receptor

A

N1 receptors

81
Q

ganglion receptor

82
Q

internal organ receptor

83
Q

N1

A

Nm
skeletal muscle

84
Q

N2

A

Nn
neurons (postganglionic)

85
Q

M

A

parasympathetic

86
Q

M1

A

excitatory
CNS
salivary glands
parietal cells (GI)

87
Q

M2

A

inhibitory
heart

88
Q

M3

A

excitatory
smooth muscle
glands

89
Q

second messenger for M1, M3, M5

A

IP3
DAG

increase

90
Q

second messenger for M2, M4

A

cAMP decrease

91
Q

nicotinic Ach Receptors

A

postynaptic membrane of all autonomic ganglia
NMJs
some CNS pathways

ion channels

92
Q

muscarinic Ach receptors

A

produces parasympathetic nerve effects in
heart
smooth muscle
glands

g protein cpupled receptors

93
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2

94
Q

alpha 1 affinity

A

NE>Epi

increased IP3/DAG

blood vessel constriction

95
Q

alpha 2 affinity

A

Epi>NE

inhibition of VG Ca++
decrease NE release

96
Q

alpha 1 functions

A

smooth muscle contraction
salivary gland secretion

97
Q

alpha 2 functions

A

presynaptic neurons
decrease NE/ACh release

98
Q

beta 1

A

Epi>NE
increase HR/cardiac contractility

99
Q

beta 2

A

EPI»NE
bronchodilation

100
Q

beta 1 functions

A

heart
increase HR
increase force
increase automaticityet

101
Q

beta 2 funtions

A

smooth muscle (lung)
relaxation

blood vessels vasodilation

102
Q

beta 1 and beta 2 increase

103
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neuronal terminal releases

104
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neuronal terminal releases

105
Q

adrenergic receptor types

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2

106
Q

sympa blood vessels

A

constricted (alpha 1)
vasodilation (beta 2)
- skeletal muscle
- heart

107
Q

sympa heart

A

increase HR (beta 1)
increase force of contraction (beta 1)

108
Q

sympa lungs

A

dilated airway (beta 2)

109
Q

sympa gut

A

decreased peristalsis
alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 2

110
Q

sympa eye

A

dilated pupil (beta 2)
relaxation/far vision (beta 2)

111
Q

sympa glands

A

vasoconstriction (alpha 1)

112
Q

sympa sweat glands

A

cholinergic
Ach

113
Q

para blood vessesl

A

vasodilation
no parasympathetic innervation for most blood vessels

114
Q

para heart

A

slow HR (M2)
decrease contraction force (M2)

115
Q

para lungs

A

airway contricted (M3)

116
Q

para gut

A

increased peristalsis (M3)

117
Q

para eye

A

constricted pupil (M3)
constricted/near vision (M3)

118
Q

para glands

A

secretion stimulation (M1/M3)

119
Q

sympa bladder

120
Q

para bladder

121
Q

alpha 1 is stimulated by

122
Q

NE is released by

A

post ganglionic sympathetic neurons

123
Q

beta 2 is stimulated by

A

epinephrine

124
Q

epinephrine is released by

A

adrenal medulla

125
Q

skeletal muscle blood vessels
receptors

A

alpha 1 - constriction
beta 2 - dilation
M3 - dilation via NO

126
Q

heart coronary blood vessels
receptors

A

alpha 1 - constriction
alpha 2 - constriction
beta 2 - dilation
M3 - dilation via NO release

127
Q

pupil dilation

128
Q

decreased salivation

129
Q

bronchi relaxation

130
Q

increase HR

131
Q

inhibits peristalsis/secretion

132
Q

simulates glucose

133
Q

secretion of adrenaline/ norepinephrine

134
Q

inhibits bladder contraction

135
Q

constricts pupils

136
Q

stimulates salivation

137
Q

bronchoconstriction

138
Q

decreases HR

139
Q

stimulated peristalsis

140
Q

stimulates bile release

141
Q

contracts bladder

142
Q

autonomic tone

A

neural stimulation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic to most organs

cannot control

143
Q

blood vessel autonomic tone

A

more sympathetic

144
Q

gut autonomic tone

A

more parasympathetic (M1/M3)

145
Q

sweat glands autonomic tone

A

sympathetic onluy

146
Q

denervation

A

loss of tone

147
Q

how to compensate for denervation

A

adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine to body

148
Q

tonic control of arteriolar diameter

A

keeps blood vessels in certain shape

149
Q

norepiniephrine (NE) released by

A

postganglion sympathetic nerve terminal

150
Q

increase NE release to alpha receptors

A

vasoconstriction
increase IP3/DHA

151
Q

decrease NE release to alpha receptors

A

vasodilation
cAMP
??

152
Q

reflex

A

is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus

153
Q

agonists

154
Q

antagonists

155
Q

Epi/NE agonists

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
phenylephrine
clonidine
isoproternol
albuterol

156
Q

epinephrine receptors

A

alpha and beta receptor (R) agonist
(beta > alpha)

157
Q

norepinephrine receptor

A

alpha and beta R agnonist
(alpha > beta)p

158
Q

phenylephrine receptor

A

alpha 1 R agonist

159
Q

clonidine recepoptr

A

alpha 2 R agonist

160
Q

isoproternol receptor

A

beta R agnost

161
Q

albuterol receptor

A

b2R agonist

162
Q

Epi/NE antagonists

A

propranolol
atenolol

163
Q

propranolol receptor

A

beta R antagonist

164
Q

atenolol receptor

A

beta 1 R antagonist

165
Q

ACh agonist

A

muscarine
pilocarpine

166
Q

muscarine

A

ACh muscarinic R agonist

167
Q

pilocarpine

A

Ach muscarinic R agonist

168
Q

Ach antagonist

A

atropine
glycopyyrolate

AChR muscarinic R antagonist
(M receptors)

169
Q

reserpine

A

inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)t

170
Q

tyrosine is a precursor to

A

NE
dopamine

171
Q

NE/Dopamine are broken down by

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)
catecholomethyl transferase (COMT)

172
Q

how does reserpine impact blood vessels

A

decrease NE release
decrease vasoconstriction
decrease blood pressure

173
Q

triggers of vaso vagal syncope

A

pain
emotion (fear of bodily harm)
visual stimuli (blood)
straining (bowel movement)
standing for long time
extreme heat exposure

174
Q

vasovagal syncope steps

A
  1. increased sympathetic activation
  2. increased para activation w/ decreased sympa response
175
Q

precentral gyrus

A

motor strip/primary motor cortex
part of the brain’s neocortex responsible for executing voluntary movements

located on surface of posterior frontal lobe of brain

176
Q

seizures
(convulsions)

A

sudden involuntary movements of muscles

Sp. Phys 1 (6 decks)

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