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Sp. Phys 1 > 1. Homeostasis and Transport > Flashcards

1. Homeostasis and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

circulation

A

moves fluids and gases

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2
Q

diffusion of fluid (homeostasis)

A

to interstitial space
into and out of cell

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3
Q

diffusion of gas (homeostasis)

A

from extracellular fluid
into and out of cell

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4
Q

diffusion of ions/molecules

A

from high to low concentration gradient

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5
Q

transport

A

movement of ions/molecules through channels or transporters into and out of cells

pumping of ions/molecules against a concentration gradient

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6
Q

4 regulations of homeostasis

A

regulation of blood gases
regulation of [ion]/H2O
regulation of BP
regulation of hormones

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions usually by a system of feedback controls regardless of outside conditions

to stabilize health and functioning

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8
Q

positive feedback loop

A

causes a self-amplifying cycle

physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction

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9
Q

negative feedback loop

A

process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change

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10
Q

[Na+] extracellular

A

142 mEq/L

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11
Q

[Na+] intracellular

A

10 mEq/L

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12
Q

Na+ flows

A

OUT –> IN

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13
Q

[K+] extracellular

A

4 mEq/L

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14
Q

[K+] intracellular

A

140 mEq/L

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15
Q

K+ flows

A

IN –> OUT

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16
Q

[Ca++] extracellular

A

2.4 mEq/L

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17
Q

[Ca++] intracellular

A

0.0001 mEq/L

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18
Q

[Ca++] flows

A

OUT –> IN

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19
Q

[Cl-] extracellular

A

103 mEq/L

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20
Q

[Cl-] intracellular

A

4 mEq/L

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21
Q

Cl- flows

A

OUT –> IN

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22
Q

[HCO3-] extracellular

A

28 mEq/L

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23
Q

[HCO3-] intracellular

A

10 mEq/L

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24
Q

HCO3- flows

A

OUT -> IN

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25
Q

[Glucose] extracellular

A

90 mg/dl

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26
Q

[Glucose] intracellular

A

0-20 mg/dl

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27
Q

Glucose flows

A

OUT –> IN

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28
Q

[Proteins] extracellular

A

2 g/dl
5 mEq/L

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29
Q

[Proteins] intracellular

A

16 g/dL
40 mEq/L

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30
Q

Proteins flow

A

IN –> OUT

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31
Q

passive transport

A

no energy needed
flow [high] -> [low]
(down conc gradient)

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32
Q

active transport

A

need energy
against conc gradient
[low] -> [high]

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33
Q

factors that alter diffusion rate

A

membrane permeability
concentration difference
electrochemical potential
pressure

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34
Q

membrane permeability
(P)

A

membranes are semipermeable

P=0 : not perm
P = 10: low perm
p = 1000: high perm

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35
Q

concentration difference
(chemical force)

A

if there is a difference in concentration in 2 regions, there will be a tendency to flow from high to low

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36
Q

electrical potential
(electrical force)

A

if there is difference in electrical potential in 2 regions, there will be a tendency to flow from high to low

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37
Q

pressure

A

tendency to flow from area of high p to low p

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38
Q

explain how O2 diffuses between alveoli and capillary blood flow

A

low PO2 inside capillary
high PO2 in alveoli

O2 diffuses from alveoli into capillary blood flow

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39
Q

explain how CO2 diffuses between alveoli and capillary blood flow

A

low PCO2 inside alveoli
high PCO2 inside blood

CO2 diffuses from capillary blood flow to alveoli

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40
Q

what determines simple diffusion

A

conc difference
electrical difference
permeability (open channels)

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41
Q

channels

A

cellular membrane proteins

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42
Q

types of channel gates

A

voltage
ligand

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43
Q

voltage-gate ion channel

A

opne and close by membrane potential

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44
Q

ligand-gate ion channel

A

conformational change induced by binding molecule opens/closes channel

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45
Q

how many gates for voltage-gated Na+ channel

A

2 gates

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46
Q

type of gates for voltage-gated Na+ channel

A

activation gate
inactivation gate

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47
Q

activation gate location

A

outside cell

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48
Q

inactivation gate location

A

inside cell

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49
Q

how do ion channels filter?

A

selectively filter by size
channel pore size is similar to target ion size

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50
Q

how many states for VG Na+ channels

A

3 states

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51
Q

types of states for VG Na+ channels

A

resting - no Na+ move
activation - Na+ into cell
inactivation - no Na+ move

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52
Q

resting membrane potential (VG Na+)

A

-70mV

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53
Q

activation membrane potential (VG Na+)

A

> = -55 mV

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54
Q

inactivation membrane potential (VG Na+)

A

-56 mV to -69 mV

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55
Q

speed of Na+ channel open/close

A

1 ms

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56
Q

what type of currents are VG Na+?

A

inward

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57
Q

how many gates for VG K+ channels?

A

1 gate

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58
Q

how many states for VG K+ channels?

A

2 statest

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59
Q

types of states for VG K+ channel?

A

resting - no K+ move
slow activation - K+ move out of cell

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60
Q

resting membrane potential (VG K+)

A

-70 mV

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61
Q

slow activation membrane potential (VG K+)

A

> =-69 mV

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62
Q

what type of currents are VG K+?

A

outward

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63
Q

hyperpolarization

A

change in membrane potential to make it more (-)

decrease mem potential

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64
Q

depolarization

A

change in membrane potential to make it less (-)

increase membrane potential

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65
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

open in response to ligand binding to receptor

channels open longer than ion(?)

66
Q

G protein coupled receports

A

TBD???
slide 18

67
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

down conc gradient
need carrier protein

1 carrier protein per molecule
conformational change to protein

68
Q

facilitated diffusion Vmax determining factors

A

[carrier molecules]
rate of movement of carrier molecules across channel

69
Q

Vmax

A

max rate of diffusion

70
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules against conc gradient

requires energy
requires carrier protein

71
Q

primary active transport

A

energy source is ATP breakdown

72
Q

active transport examples

A

Na+/K+ pump
Ca2+ pump
H+ pump

73
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses energy of one solute moving with the conc gradient to move another substance against conc gradient

will be paired with primary active transport

74
Q

cotransport
(symport)

A

both ions move in the same direction

one down its gradient
one against its gradient

75
Q

contransport examples

A

Na/Amino acid

Na/Phosphate (NaPi)

SGLT (Na Glucose co transporter)

76
Q

Anion Exchanger 1
(AE1)

A

antiporter

ions move in separate directions

one uphill
one downhill

77
Q

AE1 Chloride Shift
(Respiring Tissues)

A

HCO3- moves against gradient: IN -> OUT

Cl- moves down gradient: OUT -> IN

78
Q

AE1 Chloride Shift
(Lungs)

A

HCO3- moves down gradient: OUT -> IN

Cl- moves against gradient: IN -> OUT

79
Q

AE1 Chloride shift transport type

A

secondary active transport

80
Q

counter transport

A

uses a gradient of one molecule to move another against the concentration gradient but in the opposite direction

81
Q

counter transport examples

A

ATP-dependent Ca++ pump
Na+/Ca++ exchanger
Na+/K+-ATPase pump

82
Q

how does water move across a cell membrane

A

aquaporin
(AQP)

83
Q

how many subtypes of aquaporin

A

14

AQP 0 - 13

84
Q

how do solvents move across semi-permeable membrane

A

from area of [high solvent] to [low solvent] across semipermeable membrane

85
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to maintain an equilibrium with no net movement of solvent

86
Q

semi-permeable membrane

A

water can pass
ions cannot pass
movement determine by molar concentration of solute

87
Q

how does water move across semi-permeable mebrane

A

from low to high

88
Q

molarity

A

moles of solute per liter of solution

89
Q

osmolarity

A

osmoles (Osm) of solute per liter of solution

90
Q

how many osmoles of solute particles does 1 mole of NaCl produce in water?

A

2 osmoles

Na = 1
Cl = 1

1+1 = 2

91
Q

osmotic pressure

A

minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

92
Q

osmotic pressure is determine by the _______ not the _______.

A

osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particles, not the size.

93
Q

1 M Glucose

A

1 Osm/L Glucose

94
Q

1 M NaCl

A

2 Osm/L NaCl solution

95
Q

1 M CaCl2

A

3 Osm/L CaCl2 solution

96
Q

osmolarity of normal body fluid

A

280-310 mOsm/L

97
Q

hypertonic solution

A

water leaves cell
shrivel

98
Q

A solution will be hypertonic to a cell/body fluids

A

its solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell.

99
Q

hypotonic solution

A

water enters cell
lyse

100
Q

A solution will be hypotonic to a cell/body fluids

A

its solute concentration is lower than that inside the cell

101
Q

isotonic solution

A

same [solute] compared to inside cell

no overall change

102
Q

ECF (extracellular fluid) osmolarity

A

280-310 mOsm/L

103
Q

0.9% NaCl osmolarity

A

308 mOsm/L

104
Q

3% NaCl osmolarity

A

1026 mOsm/L

105
Q

crystalliods

A

aqueous mineral solutions

semi-permeable

106
Q

colloids

A

large molecular weight
mostly impermeably
increase oncotic pressure

Ex. Albumin

107
Q

resting membrane potential
(RMP)

A

difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell membrane at rest

108
Q

graded potential
(GP)

A

changes in membrane potential that vary in size

109
Q

types of graded potentials

A

synaptic
end plate
receptor
pacemaker
slow-wave

110
Q

action potential
(AP)

A

occurs when the membrane potential rapidly rises and falls in excitable cells

111
Q

types of excitable cells

A

neurons
muscle cells
cardiac cells
endocrine cells

112
Q

What ion influences the RMP?

A

K+

(some Na+, some Cl-)
((but mostly K+))

113
Q

why is RMP negative?

A

more cations (+) are leaving the cell than entering

114
Q

RMP determinators

A

[ion] differences
ion permeabilities (channels)
Na+/K+ pump
anions (-) inside cell

115
Q

how do we calculate RMP

A

Nernst Eq

116
Q

Simplified Nernst Equation

A

E = (61/Z)*Log([ion o]/[ioni])

picure of eq here?

117
Q

Log 100

A

2

118
Q

Log 10

A

1

119
Q

Log 1

A

0

120
Q

Log 0.1

A

-1

121
Q

Log 0.01

A

-2

122
Q

Equilibrium potential
(Eion)

A

electrical potential difference that balances an ionic concentration gradient

123
Q

Na+ Eion

A

+70 mV
(60-70mV)

124
Q

K+ Eion

A

-95 mV
(-90 - -95 mV)

125
Q

Ca++ Eion

A

+134 mV
(120-135 mV)

126
Q

Cl- Eion

A

-86 mV
(-65 - -88 mV)

127
Q

Goldman Equation

A

equilibrium potential for multiple ions

Should not need to use

128
Q

depolarizing graded potential

A

stimulus that causes the cell to be less negatively charged compared to ECF

RMP increase

129
Q

hyperpolarizing graded potential

A

stimulus that causes the cell to be more negatively charged compared to ECF

RMF decrease

130
Q

Synaptic potentials are what type of potential

A

graded potential

131
Q

synaptic potential sequence

A

AP reaches axon terminal
Depolarizes membrane
VG Ca++ channel open
Ca++ flow in
Synaptic vesicles release
neurotransmitters
NeuroT binds to
receptors
(+) ions flow in

132
Q

are synaptic potentials depolarizing or hyperpolarizing?

A

depolarizing
(+) ions flow in which will cause potential to be less negatively charged

133
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential
(EPSP)

A

closer to threshold of action potential

typically triggered by glutaminergic (CNS) and cholinergic (PNS) presynaptic neurons

NueroT binding opens cation (+) channels
(permeable to Na+ Ca++)

134
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential
(IPSP)

A

most often evoked by GABA or glycine-ergic presynaptic neurons

NeuroT binding opens Cl- channels

135
Q

How do EPSP and IPSP compare pre-synapse?

A

they are similar

136
Q

How to EPSP and IPSP compare post-synapse?

A

EPSP is closer to AP threshold

IPSP is further from AP threshold

137
Q

where does the AP generate?

A

axon hillock
spike initiation zone

138
Q

Steps of AP

A

resting
threshold
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization

139
Q

resting stage

A

RMP
determined by K+ leak channels

140
Q

threshold level

A

EPSPs: Na+ IN
(ligand gated channels)

IPSPs: K+ OUT

EPSP > IPSP

141
Q

depolarization

A

VG Na+&raquo_space; VG K+

VG Na+ channels open
Na+ rushes in

lesser K+ channels open
K+ slowly moves out

142
Q

repolarization

A

VG K+&raquo_space; VG Na+

more VG K+ open
K+ moves out

Na+ channels start to close

143
Q

hyperpolarization

A

VG K+ channels remain open after the potential reaches resting level

144
Q

conductance

A

how many ions rush into cell during certain time

145
Q

open/close durations of Na+ and K+ VG channels

A

VG Na+: quick
VG K+: slow

146
Q

how is an AP triggered in a neuron?

A

a strong stimulus creates a graded potential that is above the threshold by the time it reaches the trigger zone (axon hillock) so an AP results

147
Q

summation of graded potentials

A

summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs will determine if AP occurs

148
Q

types of summations

A

spatial
temporal

149
Q

how does AP move down an axon?

A

depolarization of the axon at one point causes VG Na+ channels to open ahead, facilitating flow down

150
Q

Myelin

A

schwann cells (PNS)
oligodendrocytes (CNS)

151
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disease affecting the oligodendrocytes (CNS)

slows down AP transduction resulting in muscle weakeness and other symptoms

152
Q

myelinated conduction rate

A

100 m/s

153
Q

unmyelinated conduction rate

A

0.25 m/s

154
Q

why does the AP not move ‘backward’?

A

Na+ channels have a refractory period where they cannot re-open during

diffusion due to charge will occur toward the open Na+ channels

155
Q

absolute refractory period

A

inactivation gate of Na+ channel closed

(above resting potential)

156
Q

relative refractory period

A

need a stronger stimulus to initiate response

(below resting potential)
(hyperpolarized)

157
Q

graded potential overview

A
  1. stimulus does not reach threshold
  2. stimulus causes local change in mem pot
  3. dies over short distance
  4. can be summated
  5. does not obey all or none
158
Q

action potential overview

A
  1. stimulus reaches threshold -> AP
  2. stimulus causes depolarization to threshold level
  3. propagated
  4. can not be summated
  5. obeys all or none law
159
Q

action potential shape/amplitude

A

always the same because they either happen or they dont

either an AP is triggered or it is not triggered

AP will always manifest the same way if threshold levels are met

160
Q

Na+/K+ Pump
(Na+/K+ ATPase)

A

-establish ion gradients
-helps set RMP
-creates some (-)
potential
-determine excitability of
nerve/muscle (fatigue)
-control cell volume

161
Q
A

Sp. Phys 1 (6 decks)

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