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Principles Immunology > 3: Overview of the Innate Immune System > Flashcards

3: Overview of the Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Which cell links the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

Dendritic cell

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2
Q

Describe the time taken for the innate immune system to respond to a pathogen.

A

Rapid (mins-hrs)

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3
Q

The innate immune system exhibits the ___ response to many ___ pathogens.

A

same , different

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4
Q

Describe the time taken for the adaptive immune system to respond to a pathogen.

A

Slow (days)

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5
Q

The adaptive immune system has a ___ response to each pathogen it encounters.

A

unique

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6
Q

Which cells mediate the adaptive immune system?

A

T and B lymphocutes

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7
Q

The adaptive immune system is responsible for immunological ____.

A

memory

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8
Q

Direct contact relies on receptor:____ interaction.

A

ligand

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9
Q

Which cells may bind to an immune cell by receptor:ligand interaction?

A

Pathogen
Another immune cell
Tissue cell

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10
Q

Injured tissue cells / activated immune cells produce ____ which bind to and activate other cells indirectly.

A

cytokines

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11
Q

What is the first phase of an innate immune response to a pathogen?

A

Recognition phase

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12
Q

Pathogens express ____ on their surfaces.

A

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

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13
Q

Innate immune cells express ___ on their surfaces.

A

PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors)

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14
Q

The PRR ‘Toll-like receptor 4’ binds to which PAMP in which type of organism?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram -ve bacteria

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15
Q

The PRR ‘Dectin 1’ binds to which PAMP in which type of organism?

A

Beta glucans in fungi`

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16
Q

What are the next two phases of an innate immune response to a pathogen?

A

Activation phase

Effector phase

17
Q

The activation and effector phases of an innate immune response involve…

A

Acute inflammation and pathogen killing

18
Q

What are the resident innate immune cells in the skin?

A

Macrophages, mast cells, NK cells and dendritic cells

19
Q

Briefly outline the clearance of apoptotic cells by resident macrophages

A
  1. Apoptotic cells express an ‘eat-me’ signal which attracts and activates macrophages
  2. Macrophage phagocytoses the apoptotic cell
  3. Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to prevent tissue damage
20
Q

Which anti-inflammatory cytokine is released to limit tissue damage following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells?

A

IL-10

21
Q

Which molecules activate tissue-resident immune cells when the physical barrier is breached?

A 
PAMPs (from the pathogen)
Danger signals (from the tissue damage)
22
Q

What are the three outcomes of innate immune system activation?

A

Pathogen killed
Infected cells killed
Release of pro-inflammatory mediators

23
Q

Which pro-inflammatory mediator ‘superactivates’ macrophages?

A

Interferon gamma

24
Q

When interferon gamma ‘superactivates’ a macrophage, what happens?

A
  1. Increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (toxic)
  2. Increased antigen presentation capability
25
Q

What happens when mast cells are activated?

A

Degranulation

26
Q

What molecules are released when a mast cell degranulates?

A

Pro-inflammatory mediators

27
Q

What happens when NK cells are activated?

A

They specifically kill infected cells / abnormal cells

28
Q

What molecules are released after an NK cell specifically kills its target?

A

Pro-inflammatory mediators

29
Q

Name two means by which macrophages, mast cells and NK cells kill pathogens.

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Reactive oxygen species
  3. Anti-microbial peptides
30
Q

Name two cytokines other than interferon gamma which are important in systemic effects following detection of a pathogen.

A

TNF(alpha), IL-1, IL-6

31
Q

Name two systemic effects caused by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF(alpha), IL-1 and IL-6.

A

Fever
Increased neutrophil production (leukocytosis)
Acute Phase Response

32
Q

What is the acute phase response?

A

Change in protein concentrations as a response to inflammation

33
Q

What drives the acute phase response?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

34
Q

What is a major acute phase protein used as a marker for inflammation?

A

C Reactive Protein

35
Q

C Reactive Protein is a marker for inflammation in what response?

A

Acute phase response

36
Q

Name two effects that C Reactive Protein has on the innate immune system.

A
  1. Enhances phagocytosis

2. Activates complement system

Principles Immunology (3 decks)

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