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Principles Immunology > 2: Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

2: Components of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Collection of small proteins and peptides

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2
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Modulate behaviour of cells - coordinate immune system

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3
Q

Name two processes which cytokines are produced in response to.

A

Infection
Inflammation
Tissue damage

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4
Q

What function do interferons have?

A

Anti-viral activity

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5
Q

What does TNF(alpha) do?

A

Promotes inflammation

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6
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Control and direct cell migration

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance which can stimulate an immune response

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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein which is

  1. produced in response to an antigen
    AND
  2. binds specifically to that antigen
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9
Q

What kind of cell produces antibodies?

A

B cells

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10
Q

What do antibodies protect against?

A

Extracellular pathogens
Viruses
Toxins

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11
Q

What are Natural Killer cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes

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12
Q

What are B cells?

A

Lymphocytes which produce antibodies to protect against EXTRACELLULAR pathogens

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13
Q

What are T cells?

A

Lymphocytes which defend against INTRACELLULAR pathogens

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14
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Regulate the immune system

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15
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill virally infected cells

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16
Q

Where do mature T and B cells circulate?

A

Blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues

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17
Q

T and B cells are ___ until they meet a pathogen/antigen.

A

inactive

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18
Q

What are long-lived T and B cells called?

A

Memory cells

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19
Q

Describe immunological memory.

A

Once the ADAPTIVE immune system recognised and responded to an antigen, it exhibits life-long immunity to that antigen (through memory T and memory B cells).

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20
Q

Which cells protect mucosal surfaces?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

Where do mast cells reside?

A

In tissues

22
Q

Which cells are recruited to sites of infection by inflammatory signals?

A

Basophils and eosinophils

23
Q

Where do basophils and eosinophils reside?

A

They circulate in the blood

24
Q

Mast cells, basophils & eosinophils are highly ____ cells.

A

granular

25
Q

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils release chemicals which contribute to acute inflammation - what are they called?

A

Histamine
Heparin
Other cytokines

26
Q

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils help defend against large pathogens which cannot be phagocytosed, such as…?

A

Parasitic worms

27
Q

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils have a key role in mediating which kind of response?

A

Allergic responses

28
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A family of approx. 30 different proteins which promote inflammation

29
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

In the liver

30
Q

Complement proteins circulate in the blood as ____ ____.

A

inactive precursors

31
Q

Complement proteins activate when they enter ___/___ tissue.

A

infected/inflamed

32
Q

Complement proteins cleave and activate downstream complement proteins - what is this event called?

A

Complement cascade

33
Q

Name three examples of phagocytic cells.

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils

34
Q

By which process do phagocytic cells ingest and destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

35
Q

Which cells differentiate into macrophages after migrating into tissues?

A

Monocytes

36
Q

Describe three functions of macrophages OTHER than pathogen killing.

A

Limiting inflammation
Wound healing/tissue repair
Antigen presentation

37
Q

What are neutrophils also known as?

A

Polymorphs

38
Q

Why are neutrophils also known as polymorphs?

A

Their nuclei have three lobes

39
Q

Where are neutrophils found before their recruitment into infected or inflamed tissues?

A

The blood

40
Q

What is the main purpose of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presentation to T cells

41
Q

What occurs in primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Development of leukocytes

42
Q

Give two examples of primary lymphoid tissue.

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

43
Q

What occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Adaptive immune responses

44
Q

Which leukocytes may be found in secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells

45
Q

Give two examples of secondary lymphoid tissues.

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Peyer’s patches

46
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Drain lymph from body tissues

47
Q

Where are pathogens/antigens trapped?

A

Lymph nodes

48
Q

What is lymphoedema also known as?

A

Lymphatic obstruction

49
Q

What occurs in lymphoedema and why?

A

Fluid retention and swelling - due to compromised lymphatic system

50
Q

Lymphoedema sufferers are at high risk of ____.

A

infection

Principles Immunology (3 decks)

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